University
of Forestry - Sofia
FACULTY
OF VETERINARY MEDICINE
REPORT
FOR HELD GRADUATE PRACTICE
By Ventzislav Roumenov Tzvetkov
Faculty
number 40184
City of Sofia Checked by:
10.01.2002 .........
CONTENTS
EDITORIAL...............................3
VETERINARY
SERVICE AND
ORGANIZATION
OF VETERINARY DEED.........5
INTERNAL
NON TRANSMISSIVE DISEASES
AND TOXICOLOGY..........................8
PARASITOLOGY
AND INVASION DISEASES.....15
VETERINARY-SANITARY
EXPERTISE
OF
FOODSTUFFS OF ANIMAL ORIGIN.........23
INFECTIOUS
DISEASES....................37
SURGERY,
ORTHOPEDICS AND OPHTHALMOLOGY.46
OBSTETRICS,
GYNAECOLOGY AND ANDROLOGY..52
APPLICATIONS...........................57
EDITORIAL
My graduate practice was held in the Regional
Veterinary Service (RVS) - Sofia. In the current severe economic conditions
numerous problems in all sectors of the National Economy encounter. Entirely
affected are the areas of the country's economy, including agriculture. For the
territory of Sofia this applies to a large
extent. On one hand the high prices of fodders, from other the low purchase
prices of livestock products, imports from other countries of cheap products
and high contamination of the region are among the major causes of poor
profitability of livestock in the district. People growing livestock towards
other activities, resulting in a reduction of livestock, while a tendency to
increase the pets - dogs, cats, parrots and other. In the relatively few left
private yards with animals, usually the zoo hygienic requirements are not
considered or do not meet the standards. The lack of any architectural model
while construction of stables makes difficult, sometimes even impossible
maintenance of good hygiene and optimum microclimate - necessary for normal,
free from stress factors life of the animals bred. Poor hygiene, high
population, great traffic, polluted environment in the region are prerequisites
for greater frequency of invasion, surgical and infectious diseases, which
imposes more stringent preventive measures, also the most rigorous
veterinary-sanitary checks of the products obtained in respect of safety for
the consumer. All this requires good organization of individual units as well
as mutual coordination between the various structures of the National
Veterinary Service (NVS), with the goal of better medical and
preventive activities in the region, which is in the interest of the country's
economy, therefore each citizen, including the veterinarian.
The practice was held in the period from
16.07.2001 to 21.12.2001. About that time I had the opportunity to accumulate
great experience, to know large number of clinical cases, to develop learnt
techniques, habits and skills acquired during the terminal education, and also
created professional contacts, associated together with the veterinary
community, revealed many of the details in the occupation veterinarian.
Furthermore I was able to know the business, organization and technical bases
of the veterinary-sanitary services of Sofia, the organization of NVS, the work of the inspectors
and the flow of information in ascending and descending order in the hierarchy
and among different units - scientific, laboratory, medical, prophylactic,
commercial, financial and administrative control.
The first part of the practice lasting ten
weeks (from 16.07.2001 to 23.09.2001) was hold in the Regional Veterinary
Clinic (RVC) - Vrabnitsa. During this time I acquainted with the activity
reporting and documentation of RVS, participated active in diagnostic and
therapeutic processes, saw the place of the laboratory units in the diagnosis
and prevention of various types of diseases. I had the opportunity to visit
alone private yards and set diagnosis, taking independent decisions on the
direction of therapy and respective prevention of different infectious and
invasion diseases. I made prevention with vaccines.
During the second part of the practice lasting
three weeks (from 24.09.2001 to 12.10.2001) I was in the headquarters of
capitals State Veterinary Sanitary Control (DVSK) Acquainted with the
organization, structure and function of DVSK in the implementation of the
control of foodstuffs of animal origin, with a view to their quality and safety
for the consumer. I traced the records and means of control in various stages
through which passes the production before it reaches the consumer. Expert
control is performed before and during production in the slaughterhouse in
transport with respective means of transport, processing - in the meat
processing enterprises, in storage, in refrigerators and stores, and in the
final realization commercially. Controlled were as well fodders and fodder
supplements and also raw materials included in the production of food products
containing animal products.
The last part of the practice lasting ten
weeks (from 15.10.2001 to 21.12.2001) placed in the sections of Gorubliane
neighborhood with the licensed veterinarian Dr. Daniela Hristova, and also I
had the possibility to visit the private office of Dr. Genchev. I have visited
many private yards, acquainted with the real situation of private livestock in
the area, able to view various solutions for growing a variety of animal
species adapted to a greater or lesser degree with the zoo hygienic norms and
the actual needs of the different class animals. I participated in mass
prophylactic measures. I observed the preparation of the farmers and
veterinarian for the upcoming winter season. I had the opportunity to heal
various types of animals. I witnessed castration and pruning of hooves. I
acquainted with the medicinal fund of private veterinarians, and also the most
frequently used consumables.
Thanks to the responsiveness of veterinary
practitioners, I believe that the purpose of the practice was achieved for
which I sincere gratitude all the unselfish colleagues.
VETERINARY SERVICE
AND ORGANIZATION
OF VETERINARY DEED
My graduate practice was held in Sofia. On the territory of RVS - Sofia various kinds of animals
are grown, despite their significant decrease in recent years. Prevails mostly
small livestock, no cooperatives, but there are several farms for cows with
30-40 animals. Tend is to increase the family farms with 10-15 cows on behalf
of the stock of pigs decreased by 60% and the approximate number of sheep
decreased from 40000 to 30000. Approximate distribution of animals at the types
and numbers is as follows:
Species - Estimated total number
-----------------------------------------------
Birds - 400,000
Rabbits - 90,000
Dogs
(Registered) - 60,000
Pigs - 45,000
Sheep - 30,000
Goat - 18,000
Cattle - 7,000
Horses - 1,100
Apiculture
families - 3,000
-----------------------------------------------
RVS is directly subordinate to the NVS. It is managed by the
Director of RVS, with the help of the chief doctor and chief epizootologist and
head of Regional Veterinary Dispensary. In the structure of RVS - Sofia are
included: Regional Veterinary Dispensary - Vrabnitsa, District Veterinary
Dispensary (DVD) - Vrazhdebna, Gorna Banya and Dragalevtsi,
licensed veterinary stations - 22 are included in the territory of Sofia, depot
for export of animals, small animals clinic (SAC) - Druzhba, State Veterinary
Division - Dondukov, laboratories in regional veterinary dispensary and SAC,
private veterinary offices and dispensaries - numbers 153. Unlike other RVS in
the structure of RVS - Sofia DVSK is not included. They are directly
subordinate to the NVS.
Regional Veterinary Dispensary - Vrabnitsa
serves neighborhoods Orlandovtsi, Malashevtsi, Faculty, Filipovtsi, Modern
suburb, Vrabnitsa and Lyulin. In Regional Veterinary Dispensary and DVD work state veterinarians.
Examinations and operations are charged on state charges. They are self
financed by 55% of the cost. The remaining fund is by the budged of NVS. These have included groups
for disinfection, disinfection and deratisation (DDD).
Licensed veterinary sectors not covered by
Regional Veterinary Dispensary and DVD. They are served by
licensed veterinarians to perform the annual immunoprophylactic program,
commissioned by NVS. Their doctors are not obliged to work on
state charges.
Depot for export of animals is served by
state veterinarian, who examines entering and leaving from the country animals,
follows their stay during the quarantine period and issues a health
certificate.
In SAC mainly small animals are treated -
dogs and cats. Faced are other types of patients as well - rabbits, pigeons,
canaries, turtles, etc., but these are exceptions.
In the State Veterinary Division - Dondukov
is made treatment of small animals and issuing health certificates for them.
The supply of medicines and consumables in
state dispensary and clinics are carried out by Government Veterinary
Pharmaceutical Supply. Licensed and private practitioners are provided with
medicines and supplies themselves.
In the laboratories of RVS and SAC limited
researches are performed - mostly parasitological and research for skin
diseases and some routine blood examinations. Specific examinations of blood
and urine are carried out by the National research and diagnostic veterinary
institute (NNIDVMI).
At this stage in the territory of RVS - Sofia there is no rendering plant
(Closed doors in 1986). Currently, the carcasses are transported for disposal
to the enterprise in Plovdiv or in Bird enterprise -
Kostinbrod. For each area is mandatory presence of carcass holding pit.
The activities of licensed veterinarians are
controlled by a state veterinarian. Each month meetings are hold at which
licensed veterinarians give report, as transmit to the head veterinarian of the
region information - 12 VD (Annex 1)
and 15 VD, also report for every event held.
In every section the following documentation
is kept:
-Ambulatory diary
-Epizootic diary
-Pharmaceutical book
-Diary for bioproducts
-Diary for held mass prophylactic and diagnostic
events against
infectious
and parasitic diseases.
-Folders for incoming and outgoing
correspondence.
All licensed veterinarians work on an
immunoprophylactic plan divided by months and quarters, prepared by NVS. Mandatory events in art. 30
and art. 31 of LVMD, financed by the state are: Immunizations against anthrax
and classical swine fever, field tests for bovine tuberculosis and foulbrood
bee diseases, laboratory diagnostic tests for brucellosis in cattle, sheep and
pigs, leucosis and leptospirosis in cattle, ovine infectious epididymitis,
glanders on horses, bronchitis, cholera, typhus and tuberculosis in birds,
rabies, brucellosis and echinococcosis of dogs. Mandatory immunizations which
are paid by the owner of the animal are: leptospirosis in cattle, pigs and
dogs, erysipelas in pigs, bovine black leg, ovine enterotoxemia,
rhinopneumonitis and influenza in horses. Along with regular preventive program
licensed veterinarians are responsible for marking of cattle. Ear tags for RVS
- Sofia have numbers beginning with 022. During mark of every animal passport
is issued. If some owner refuses to carry out vaccination or diagnostic
examination of his animals, which are required for the country, prescription is
issued. In non-compliance with the prescription, the farmer has prepared
Statement for stated breach on the basis of which Criminal decree is issued by
the Director of NVS. Amounts less than 150 leva are not subject
to appeal.
On the basis of all monthly and quarterly
reports is prepared the annual veterinary report which is the basis for drawing
up the annual plan for the next financial year.
INTERNAL NON TRANSMISSIVE DISEASES AND TOXICOLOGY
Internal non transmissive diseases are widespread.
They occupy first place among all diseases in animals. The development of
industry in the region, and the increased use of chemicals in agriculture and
lifestyle are a prerequisite for rise of acute and chronic intoxications. The
main factors predisposing emergence of internal non transmissive diseases are
the conditions of the environment, nutrition unconsidered with physiological
needs of the body in different periods of its developments, bad or not
respected zoo hygienic conditions, and improper exploitation of the animals.
Intensive feeding to increase production often leads to diseases of high
productivity. Disturbance balance in terms of protein and carbohydrates often
leads to the emergence of indigestions, atony and acidosis of fore stomachs,
ketosis in ruminants, total aseptic pododermatitis on horses, and diabetes in
dogs. Climate changes during the autumn-winter season are frequent cause for
the occurrence of respiratory diseases. Deficiency diseases also are not rare.
All these diseases cause massive loss of livestock, which is expressed in
reduce of the production of meat, milk, wool, sub products and other, often
leading to non profitability of the production. This requires a particularly
serious attitude towards internal non transmissive diseases and toxicology in
order not only successful treatment, but subsequent prophylactic of the most
common diseases of the region. Treatment is facilitated by the presence of
multiple and different types of medicines, not only veterinary but also human
medicines. But common practice is farmers trying to heal the animals
themselves, and to seek help of a veterinarian until the end of the evolution
of disease when the prognosis is pessimistic. During the course of the practice
I observed mainly chronic diseases. The most typical cases, which I observed
were as follows:
Journal 1
For the disease condition of a dog owned by Svetozar
Tzakov from Sofia.
Upon
receipt of the animal I took the following anamnesis:
The
animal for some time move difficult and easily tires. Shows curvature of the
rear limbs. It's feed mainly with swill, rarely meat. Not given are any vitamin
and mineral supplements to the food. No treatment to present.
Current
condition: (Status praesens): It is about dog, female sex, aged five months,
wiener breed. Fur color is dark brown.
Habitus:
Constitution - average, feed - bad, temperament - sanguine, general bearing -
involuntary. Fur is without shine. Skin temperature is properly allocated. Skin
elasticity - saved. Internal body temperature - 38,8°C. Conjunctives - normal
color, without swell, fur and extrudes.
Cardiovascular
system: Pulse - 95 beats per minute.
Respiratory,
digestive, excretory and nervous system- without specifics.
Locomotive
apparatus : During inspection curvature of the rear limbs was found and slight
thicken of bones. During palpation of cavity chest was established thicken
between the bone and the cartilaginous part of the ribs.
In
animal's movement not improvement was detected of the status of the locomotive
apparatus, which excludes the presence of joints rheumatism. X-Ray image of the
pipe bones was not made because of the uniqueness of the observed symptoms.
Diagnosis: Rachitis.
Treatment:
Subcutaneous injection of trivitaminol 4,0 ml, once a week, quadrupled. Give of
medicament Calci-Delice - 1 tablet a day and 3 fish oil capsules (Oleum jecoris
aselli). Add to the food powdered egg shells. In the sun-time exhibit the
animal more often in direct sunlight. Improve the food ration.
With
the last injection with trivitaminol visible improvement in the condition of
the animal was detected. The movement was normal, without tiring. Curvature of
the limbs was almost completely missing.
Journal 2
For the disease condition of a cow owned by Ivan
Petrov, village Podgomer.
Anamnesis:
According to the owner the evening before out visit to the shed, cow has swell
by the side of the left flank, and the swelling in the morning had significant
increase. Cow refuses to eat. At the same shed 4 more cows are kept, but they
did not show similar symptoms and eat normally. For fodder oilcake, straw and
cornstalk is used. Last day the animals are left to graze free, since the
morning.
Current
condition: (Status praesens):
It’s
about cow 6 years, approximate weight about 500 kilograms, Holstein breed with milk purpose.
Constitution - average, feed - good, temperament - phlegmatic, general bearing
- depressed. Fur - slightly goose bumped, without shine. Skin elasticity -
saved. Skin temperature - properly allocated. Conjunctives are with slight
cyanosis. Internal body temperature - 38,4°C.
Cardio-vascular
system: Pulse - 96 beats per minute, fast, weak, rhythmic. During auscultation
clear and strong heart tones are heard, with accent on the second heart tone.
Respiratory
system: Respiratory movements - 27 per minute, symmetrical, weak with disturbed
rhythm. Breathing is of bone type. Inspiration is shorter than normal and
accompanied by whine sound. Expirated air has unpleasant decay smell. During
auscultation and percussion of the lung is established a strong shift of
abdominal limit in cranial direction.
Digestive
system: There is no appetite. Eructation - not found. Vomiting - not found.
Rumen movements - 3 for 5 minutes, weak non rhythmic. Left flank pit -
significant swell. After massage on the left abdominal area little eructation
of the gases in the rumen is seen. With palpation in the regions of the rumen a
hard swell is palpated, covering the area from the last rib to the flank grow.
During auscultation of the abdomen are heard crepitate noises, and with
percussion - tympanic sound in the left dorsal part of the abdominal area. In
rumen content analysis was established decay unpleasant smell with hydrogen ion
concentration (pH) about 9,2. Faeces are light colored and with macerate
consistency.
Excretory,
sexual and nervous system - without specifics.
Disorder
of the animal's digestive system was found - reduced rumen movements and
increased pH of rumen content.
The
swell in the left flank pit and the lack of eructation, shift of abdominal
percussion limit of the lung forward are the main symptoms guidance for set of
diagnosis. Cyanotic conjunctives, inspirational
dyspnea, weak pulse and rapid development of the disease confirmed the final
diagnosis.
Diagnosis: Tympania
acuta cum hypotonia et alcalosis ruminis.
Treatment:
The owner brought some wooded crates on which the animal feet with the front legs
in order to more easily eructate the gases from the rumen. Placement in the
mouth of tarry bar to induce eructation. Massage of the left flank. After
several eructations, the swell decreased, but after some time increased again.
Imposed was medical therapy, combined with evacuation of part of the rumen
content.
1% Kalii permanganas 500,0 - by mouth.
After
25 minutes with a stomach tube we evacuated about 1.8 liters of rumen content
that was mixed with gas bubbles.
After
we used the following prescription, made on place:
Rp.:
Acidi
acetici 6° (Vinegar 6°) 1000,0 - for
adjustment of rumen pH
Silibovon 30,0
Aqua fontana ad
3000,0
Ursopron sol. 200,0
M.D.S. By mouth for cow.
For
general strengthening of the animal we applied:
Rp.:
Glucosae 20% 500,0
Glucocoffeini 100,0
Vit. C 10,0
Vit. B1 2,0
M.D.S. Venous for
cow.
Bespeak
to the owner to massage the left abdominal area of the animal in 2-3 hours.
Following held therapy the cow fully recovered.
Journal 3
For the disease condition of a cat owned by Yanaki
Krastev from Sofia.
Anamnesis:
The animal is weary for some days, almost no eat, urinates rarely and less. It
is feed with ready cat food Whiskas.
Current
condition: It is about cat, female gender, 9 years, unspecified breed, with
mixed brown and black fur color. Fur is sparse and brittle. Color of the skin
is preserved, elasticity is reduced. Skin temperature is properly allocated.
Constitution is average, feed - weak, temperament - sanguine. Depressed general condition. Conjunctives are with pale pink
color, with slight icteric spice, without swell, fur and extrudes. Slight
icteric spice is also seen on the mouth mucosa. Internal body temperature is 38,3°C.
Cardio-vascular
system: Pulse - 86 beats per minute, rhythmic, strong, full, hard. Auscultation - without specifics.
Respiratory and digestive system - without
specifics.
Excretory
system - when palpated in the area of the kidneys demonstrates pecans. Upon
urine analysis was found: Decreased quantity with dark color, less
transparency. Consistency and smell - without specifics.
Availability of protein. Sediment contains organic
elements and single epithelial kidney cells.
Locomotive
apparatus: Moves stiffly, unsure and with reluctance. Gets up
hardly, presence of spine curvature - kyphosis.
The
reduced amount of urine, dark color and presence of protein and epithelial
kindey cells, accompanied by pain in the kidneys directed to:
Diagnosis: Nephritis
acuta.
Treatment:
Diet:
60 grams veal
220 grams of boiled rice
1 egg
2 slices bread
1 tea spoon egg
shells.
Give little protein, but with high sterling. Do not give salt and
mineral supplements.
Glucosa 5% 50,0 ml
intravenously.
Vit. C 1 ampoule intravenously.
Novacoc
0,5 ml intravenously.
Depedin
0,5 ml subcutaneously.
Baytril 5% 0,4 ml subcutaneously.
Bicahepar
1,0 ml subcutaneously.
After
held five day course of treatment, the re-examination of the urine showed an
increase in the quantity and clear transparency.
Epithelial
cells in the sediment were not found. During palpation in the kidney area the
cat didn't react with pecans. The status of the animal was visibly improved.
Journal 4
For the disease condition of
a dog, owned by Toma Velev from Sofia.
Anamnesis:
Since several days the dog coughs, refuses to eat, hides and avoids contact
with host.
Current
condition: It is about dog, male gender, 11 years old,
breed German Shepherd, with grey-brown fur color and black back. Constitution -
average, feed - good, temperament - sanguine, general bearing - depressed. Fur
is without shine, skin temperature is properly allocated. Skin elasticity -
saved. Internal body temperature - 39,0°C.
Conjunctives - red, without swell, fur and extrudes.
Cardio-vascular
system: Pulse - 110 beats per minute,
rhythmic, strong, full, hard. Auscultation of heart - without
specifics.
Respiratory
system: Respiratory movements - 23 per minute, with normal power, symmetrical. Costo-abdominal type of breathing. The dogs
shows mixed dyspnea. The expirated air is without specific smell. Nose
extrudes - transparent, small by quantity, with mucinous consistency, without
smell and foreign impurities. Nasal cavity - without
specifics. Larynx and trachea - without specifics.
Cough - long, deaf, painful and wet. Thoracic cavity -
inspection and palpation - without specifics. During auscultation of
lung crepitate wheeze is heard mainly in the left lobe.
Digestive, excretory and genital system - without
specifics.
Locomotive apparatus - without specifics.
Diagnosis: Bronchitis
acuta.
Treatment:
First three days we applied the following prescription:
Vetramycin 3,0 subcutaneously.
Bisolvon 3,0 subcutaneously.
Ultrasol
4,0
subcutaneously.
Injektavit 2,0 subcutaneously.
On
the fourth and fifth day:
Vetramycin 3,0 subcutaneously.
Bisolvon
3,0
subcutaneously.
Ultasol
2,0
subcutaneously.
Following
held therapy the dog fully recovered. In the last examination there was no
cough, and the internal body temperature was 38,6°C.
Journal 5
For the disease condition of
dog, owned by Delyan Mihaylov from Sofia.
Anamnesis:
Last evening the dog was sighted by the owner to be in normal condition,
barked, played with the other dogs in the neighborhood. At the morning it slept
and didn't react of call and whistle.
Current
condition: It is about dog, male gender, 6 years old, indefinite breed, with
yellow-brown fur color. Constitution - average, feed - bad, temperament - can
not be established, general bearing - coma. Fur is without shine, limbs are
colder than the rest of the body. Skin elasticity - reduced. Internal body
temperature - 37,4°C. Conjunctives - pale, without
swell, fur and extrudes.
Cardio-vascular
system: Pulse - 47 beats per minute, arrhythmic, weak, empty, soft, threadlike.
Auscultation of hear - weakened heart tones.
Respiratory
system: Respiratory movements - 9 per minute, weak, non rhythmic.
Costo-abdominal type of breathe. Nasal cavity, larynx,
trachea and thoracic cavity - without specifics.
Digestive
system: Lack of salivation.
Excretory and genital system - without specifics.
Locomotive
apparatus: Ataxia.
Nervous
system: Visible depression of the central nervous system - coma.
Lack of exteroreceptive sensitivity. Weak
reaction of pupil and corneal reflexes.
The acute course of the disease, respiratory
depression, ataxia, hypotension, and hypothermia target poisoning - most likely
with barbiturates.
It was not made examination of gastrointestinal content to narrow the
diagnosis.
Treatment:
Aether camphoratus 2,0 subcutaneously.
Foment of stomach with active charcoal
(Carbo activatus).
Bleeding - around 50,0
ml blood.
Venous infusion of warmed solution
glucose 5%
400,0 intravenous.
Atropini sulfatis 0,1
subcutaneously.
After manipulations bespoke with the owner to come
at evening for another venous infusion, but he did not appear.
Journal 6
For the disease condition of
dog, owned by Ivanka Koleva from Sofia.
Anamnesis: Dog was stung by wasp some minutes ago.
Current
condition: It is about a dog, male gender, 3 years old, pincher breed, with
black-brown fur color. Constitution - average, feed - good, temperament - sanguine,
general bearing - initiated. Fur is shiny gloss, skin temperature is properly
allocated. Skin elasticity - normal. Internal body
temperature - 38,8°C. Conjunctives - pale pink,
without swell, fur and extrudes.
Cardio-Vascular
system: Pulse - 106 beats per minute, rhythmic, strong, full, hard. Auscultation of heart - without specifics.
Respiratory
system: Respiratory movements - 29 per minute, with normal power, symmetrical.
Costo-abdominal type of breathe. Nasal cavity, larynx,
trachea and thoracic cavity - without specifics.
Digestive, excretory and genital system - without
specifics.
Locomotive apparatus - without specifics.
Treatment:
Rub in of 0,02% solution of potassium permanganate in
the sting place. Dexamethason 0,2 ml subcutaneously.
PARASITOLOGY AND INVASION DISEASES
Parasitic invasions run mostly chronic and
cause great economic losses to livestock. Especially large are loses by
detention growth, rudimentary, and reduced productivity of the invaded animals.
This requires a comprehensive struggle to limit the spread of parasites in
nature, with the use of the considerable efforts and funds.
In the territory of Sofia various
parasitosis encounter. In the urban part are grown mainly small animals - dogs and
cats, while in the terminal and surrounding district settlements also livestock
is encountered. This defines the relative areas of distribution of some
specific parasitic diseases.
The presence of multiple homeless wandering
dogs and cats, which occur as natural reservoirs, cause widespread
dissemination of ectoparasitic diseases - different types of scabies -
demodecosis, otodectosis, sarcoptosis, a warming climate is prerequisite for
especially large rate of invasions with ticks and fleas, which is increasing
problem for keepers of domestic animals. From endoparasites often are observed
nemotodosis - toxocariasis and toxascaridosis, cestodiasis - echinococcosis,
protozooses - sarcocystosis, toxoplasmosis, babesiosis, leishmaniosis.
Especially great economic and social problem is the increased invasion of
sheppard dogs with sexually mature forms of dog tapeworm. When slaughter the
livestock, often carried out by owners, finding echinoccocus blisters in the
internal organs, most often they discard them, and then viscera are being eaten
by dogs and cause the closure of the biological cycle of the parasite. Dogs
grown in the city are subject to regular dehelmintization and among them
distribution is significant less.
In the livestock is also observed widespread
distribution of parasitosis. Often observed is pig
ascaridosis and poultry ascaridosis. In the area of the district
"Filipovzi" were found new outbreaks of Trichinosis, from which
people are affected as well. Problematic are helminthiases in ruminants -
trematodiasis - fasciolosis, dicrocoeliasis, paramphistomosis, nematodiasis -
hoose, trichostrongylosis, cestodoses - monieziosis, avitellinosis, stilesiosis. Coccidiosis on poultry and rabbits, if not
taken preventive measures, cause major damage, mostly to family farms.
To limit all these parasitoses is need
regular prophylactic, timely and accurate diagnosis of aroused invasions,
competent treatment, regular cleaning and disposal of manure, careful clean and
disinfection of the premises for animals, struggle with the intermediate host
of parasites, education of the people involved with livestock, in terms of
parasitic diseases and how to prevent and fight them.
During the practice, for defleaing of dogs,
sheep, pigs, horses and cattle from ectoparasitoses, we used spraying or
bathing with 0.06% emulsion of neocidol. The medicine was kept in cans of 5 l
and to obtain the necessary concentration we used 1 milliliter of the active
substance (Neocidol-60 E, containing Diazinonum 60,0
and excipiens to 100.0), dissolved in 1 liter of water. Because of the toxicity
of neocidol for cats and birds in these types we used Ectomin or Bandit or
suggested to the owners some of the many commercial preparations, for example
Biokill, Control, Petguard, Tapilan, as a preventive measure antiparasitic
collars - preventing from ticks and insects. Injective we used Ivermectin, a
preparation that has endectocide action (acting against endo and ectoparasites)
at a dose 0.02 milliliters per kilogram mass
subcutaneously. Because of the higher resistance of the eggs to medicinal
preparations, treatment of the invaded animals is needed twice during an
interval of 10-12 days.
For prevention and treatment of nematodiasis
and cestodoses in dogs and cats we used Azipirin, containing Praziquantel 50
milligrams and Pyrantel pamoate 150 milligrams, with dosage one tablet for 10
kg weight. With the same objectives can be used Prazimec C and D, Niclovet and
others, again with dosage one tablet for 10 kg weight. Against nematodoses in
small dogs we used Piperatrin with dose of 2 ml / kg mass internally.
Against pig ascoridosis we used Levamisol
(Nilverm) 7,5% solution in dosage 1ml for 10 kilogram
body weight, subcutaneous, or Bulmectin - 1,5 grams per 10 kg body weight
attached internally morning fasting, while 6 hours after that not given food.
Because of the widespread of this invasion, it is a frequent practice veterinarians to inject Levamisol, after each castration,
which is with good prophylactic effect and also have strong immunostimulating
effect, one of the additional effects of the preparation, reducing the risk of
postcastrational infections.
Poultry ascaridosis is also regularly
observed disease, but most often we diagnosed it postmortem because negligence of
some farmers refusing to implement measures to restrict the invasion. For
prevention and treatment we used Piperatrin with dose 2 ml / kg mass
internally.
To limit trematodoses in ruminants each
spring and autumn mass deworming is made. Against the common liver fluke we
used Fasciolid with dosage 0,4 ml per 10 kilograms
weight, subcutaneously. Against paramphistomosis we applied Bithin-S 0,04-0,05 grams per kilogram mass internally morning fasting,
as two to three days before the mass treatment, preparation is tested for
tolerance on 20-30 animals.
From nematodoses in ruminants for treatment
of trichostrongylosis we used Levamisol 7,5% solution
with dosage 1 ml per 10 kilogram weight, internally.
Major problem for private bird growers and
rabbit growers are coccidioses where prevention is of particular importance for
reducing economic losses from these diseases. To the farmers we prescribed
preparation EsB3, which is a powder to dissolve in the drinking water and apply
at a dose 1 g per liter. Prevention in birds apply in 3 - daily rates at the
beginning of the third, fifth and seventh week after hatching of chicks, and in
laying hens - immediately before laying.
The most typical cases, which I observed
during the practice, were the following:
Journal 1
For the disease condition of three pigs, owned by
Simeon Valkov from village Pancharevo.
Anamnesis:
From a few days pigs exhibit perverted appetite - lick walls and eat bedding.
Although all provided fodder is eaten they not bid in weight. Owner cultivates
also goats in the same yard as well as hens, but they are in a separate room.
He observed worms when cleaning the faeces of the pigs. No treatment was
applied.
Current
condition: It is about 3 pigs, breed Great White, 9 months old, and with weight
about 55 kg, intended for fattening. Constitution - average,
feed - bad, temperament - sanguine. General bearing - restless, often
grunt and dig with muzzle. Fur is contaminated, goose bumped and ruffled,
without shine. Skin temperature is properly allocated. Skin elasticity -
reduced. Conjunctives are with pale pink color, without swell, fur and
extrudes. Internal body temperature - 39,2°C, 39,3°C, 39,1°C.
Cardio-vascular, respiratory, digestive, excretory,
genital and nervous system - without specifics.
In
coproscopy examination with Fulleborn method are found eggs of the nematode
Ascaris suum in the faeces in the three pigs.
Diagnosis: Ascaridosis.
Treatment:
On the other morning fasting we applied to the pigs subcutaneous Levamisol, in doses
of pig 5,5 ml. In the next day in the faeces of pigs
there were multiple sexually mature forms of Ascaris suum. Bespoke
with the owner to dispose the faeces with burning or digging. After 14
days we treated the pigs again with Levamisol, in doses 6,0
ml of pig subcutaneous. We suggested to the owner to regularly clean the
pigsty.
Journal 2
For the disease condition of
a dog owned by Kalin Hristov from Sofia.
Anamnesis:
For some time on the fur of the dog are formed different in size naked spots.
The dog constantly scours.
Current
condition: It is about dog, male gender, 2 years old, breed boxer, with
reddish-yellow of fur. Constitution - strong, feed - very
good, temperament - choleric, general bearing - normal. Fur is without
shine, with heated naked areas around the eyes, mouth and neck, with the
presence of brown crusts and excoriations. Skin elasticity - saved.
Conjunctives are red without swell, fur and extrudes. Internal body temperature
- 38,9°C.
Cardio-vascular, respiratory, digestive, excretory,
genital and nervous system - without specifics.
In
the taken material from the skin of the amended sections was found presence of
sarcoposis ticks species Sarcoptes canis.
Diagnosis: Sarcoptosis.
Treatment:
Rub in of 0,06% emulsion of Neocidol in the affected
skin areas. Ivermectin 0,4 ml, subcutaneously. After
12 days we repeated the same procedure. After the re-manipulation the crusts
and the excoriations were disappeared and on the damaged sections a low growth
of new fur was seen.
Journal 3
For the disease condition of
dog, owned by Nikolay Varbanov from Sofia.
Anamnesis:
Despite endeavor health care which the owner had put, the fur of the animal
falls off mainly around the eyes, mouth, neck, chest, limbs. The animal constantly
scours and wounds and several of the naked areas are bleeding,
mixed with pus.
Current
condition: It is about dog, female gender, 1 year old; breed pincher, with
black fur color, with yellow areas around the chest and limbs. Constitution -
average, feed - good, temperament - choleric, general bearing - depressed. Fur
has fallen off around the eyes, mouth, neck, chest and limbs. The skin in
theses areas is dirty violet, chapped with multiple pus pustules, wounded, with
issue of bloody pus exudates. Damaged areas are obviously heated. Conjunctives
are dirty red, without swell, fur and extrudes. Internal body temperature is
39, 9°C.
Cardio-vascular, respiratory, digestive, excretory,
genital and nervous system - without specifics.
In
the taken material from the amended skin sections was found presence of demodex
ticks by the species Demodex canis, combined with pus inflammation of the hair
follicles.
Diagnosis: Demodicosis cum pyodemia.
Treatment:
At the start we made clean through of the affected areas - shear, removal of
the pustulas of pustules and wash with hydrogen peroxide. First we held
treatment against the pus infection for 5 days with:
Vetramycin 0,5 subcutaneously.
Triprim 0,5 subcutaneously.
Unguentum ichthyoli -
spreads to the affected areas.
After
apparent disappearance of pyodermia we bathed the dog with 0,06%
emulsion of Neocidol and injected subcutaneously with Ivermectin 0,1 ml, both
procedures twice in 10 days. Explained to the owned that the dogs normally wear
demodex tics and frequent bathing facilitates their infiltration into hair
follicles and suggested to him to restrict baths. We gave him Neocidol to spray
the room of the dog. On the control review 1 month later the dog was apparently
well.
Journal 4
For the disease condition
cow owned by Gabriela Stefanova from Sofia.
Anamnesis:
For few days the cow is with reduced appetite, as the last 3 days is with diarrhoea.
Milk production lowered. The fodder was changed, neither the graze range. Cow
is not marked. It is not treated before. Only animal in the
shed.
Current
condition: It is about cow, Holstein breed with milk purpose, 4 years old, with
weight about 450 kilograms. Feed - good, constitution - average, general
bearing - normal. Fur is goose bumped, without shine. Skin temperature is
properly allocated. Skin elasticity - saved. Conjunctives are pink, without
swell, fur and extrudes. Internal body temperature 38,8°C.
Cardio-vascular and respiratory system - without
specifics.
Digestive
system - increased thirst, profuse diarrhea with smudge around the anus.
Coproscopic examination with sequential deposition method - detect gray-silver
eggs of parasites from genus Paramphistomum.
Excretory, genital and nervous system - without
specifics.
Diagnosis: Paramphistomosis.
Treatment:
On the next morning fasting we applied to the cow Bitin-S dosage 20,0 ml, internally. We set earmark of the cow thus
registering and ensured presence in mass dehelmithizations. After about a week
the appetite and milking of the animal went normal.
Journal 5
For disease condition of 6 pigs owned by Emil
Krastev from village German.
Anamnesis:
Owner has noticed special reddish spots behind the ears, in the back and
abdomen. Pigs are restless. Metal bulwark in the pigsty have special
brilliance.
Current
condition: It is about 6 pigs - 4 male and 2 female, breed Great White, 5
months old, with average weight about 60 kilograms. Feed - good, constitution -
strong, general bearing - bespoke with the owner to give them food and we hid
of sight of the pigs. After relaxing, the animals began to mass scratch in the
walls, surrounding objects and metal bulwarks. On the skin of the pigs in the
areas around the ears, back and abdomen are seen red stations, some of them
covered with brown scabs and crusts. Samples taken from the affected stations
on the border with intact skin had shown content of sarcoptosis ticks from the
species Sarcoptes suis. Skin temperature is not
properly allocated - reddish stations are heated. Skin elasticity - saved. Conjunctives - without specifics.
Cardio-vascular, respiratory, digestive, excretory,
genital and nervous system - without specifics.
Diagnosis: Sarcoptosis.
Treatment:
Bath with 0,06%
emulsion of Neocidol, twice in 14 days.
As
far as the first treatment the restless of the pigs disappeared, and on the
second bath skin amendments were gone.
Journal 6
For the disease condition of
dog, owned by Ilian Manolov from Sofia.
Anamnesis:
One day ago the dog vomited. In the vomited content the owner noticed worms.
The animal is not dewormed until now.
Current
condition: It is about a dog, female gender, 2 years old,
breed Smooth Fox Terrier, white fur color, with big dark spots around the head,
neck and abdomen. Constitution - average, feed - good, temperament - sanguine, general
bearing - normal. Fur is shiny with brilliance. Skin elasticity is reduced.
Skin temperature is properly allocated. Conjunctives are slightly reddish,
without swell, fur and extrudes. Internal body temperature is 38,6°C.
Cardio-vascular and respiratory system - without
specifics.
Digestive system - reduced appetite, diarrhea, mild
swelling of the stomach. Coproscopic examination by the method of Fulleborn proves the
presence of eggs of the parasite Toxascaris leonina.
Excretory, genital and nervous system - without
specifics.
Diagnosis: Toxascaridosis.
Treatment:
1 tablet Azipirin, morning fasting. Owner to make regular
deworming with the same medicine every 2 to 3 months.
Journal 7
For the disease condition of
dog, owned by Ivan Zlatanov from Sofia.
Anamnesis:
Dog is depressed since several days, do not eat, moves hardly. It is used as a
guard for service-station and lived in crib.
Current
condition: It is about dog, female gender, 9 years old,
breed Saint Bernard, with yellow-brown with white spots fur color. Constitution
- average, feed - bad, temperament - phlegmatic, general bearing - strongly
depressed. Fur is heavily polluted and in the area of the rump clotted. When
shear the rump of the body reveals many larvae of flies of family
Calliphoridae. Skin is these areas are necrotic, smelling uncomfortable. Skin
elasticity is reduced. Damaged from the larvae’s areas are heated. Conjunctives
are diffuse red, slightly swell, without fur and extrudes. Internal body
temperature is 39,6°C.
Cardio-vascular and respiratory system - without
specifics.
Digestive
system - anorexia, smudged with faeces around the anus.
Excretory, genital and nervous system - without
specifics.
The
animal lied for a long time, but no one has its attention, with the results that
it got decubital wounds, which are favorable environment for the development of
meat flies.
Diagnosis: Calliphoridoses.
Treatment:
Shear of affected areas and treatment with 0.1% emulsion of neocidol to kill
larvae and eggs of flies. Surgical treatment of wounds to
remove necrotic tissues. Cover affected areas with cloth irrigated with
Neocidol (Acts repellent). Injection of:
Vetramycin 5,0 ml subcutaneously.
Ultrasol 5,0 ml
subcutaneously.
Injektavit 3,0 ml subcutaneously.
Glucosa 500,0 ml venous
infusion.
Vitamin C 2,0 ml
intravenously (into the system for venous infusion).
Owner
had to come after 1 day, but he only arrived on the 4th day, but nevertheless
the animal's condition was slightly improved. We continued with the
chemotherapy and the sepsis was overcome. On the 9th day the animal was
apparently well, with regained appetite and wounds were in the initial phase of
epithelization.
Journal 8
For the disease condition of
cat, owned by Ognyan Delev from Sofia.
Anamnesis:
From a few days the cat is restless and scratches in ears, wounding them.
Current
condition: It is about cat, female gender, 7 years old, Siamese breed. Constitution
- average, feed - good, temperament - choleric, general bearing - initiated.
Fur is shiny with brilliance, fallen off around the ears. In examination of ear
canal is found large amount of semi fluid eye excrete. Microscopic in the ear
excrete are seen psoroptoses ticks of the species Otodectes cynotis. Skin
elasticity is preserved. Skin around the ears is heated. Conjunctives are
reddish, without swell, fur and excludes. Internal body temperature is 39,7°C.
Cardio-vascular, respiratory, digestive, excretory,
genital and nervous system - without specifics.
Pertains to the advanced
form of ear scab.
Diagnosis: Otodectosis.
Treatment:
Wash of ear canal with irrigated
with Rivanol cotton. Spread of ear canal with unguent containing 30% sulfur.
VETERINARY-SANITARY EXPERTISE OF
FOODSTUFFS OF ANIMAL ORIGIN
The main task of veterinary-sanitary
expertise is protection of human health, as it considers as raw materials and finished
food products of animal origin in terms of their quality and safety to the
consumer. This means exclude the possibilities of contamination by them with
disease agents. To fulfill this task, the agents of DVSK make permanent and
preventive control on enterprises for yield, transportation resources for
animals and products of animal origin, places and methods of storage and
disposal of products. Agents of DVSK may impose a ban on disposal of unfit food
products, to obscure stores in commercial network, to cease the yield of animal
products, when technology and sanitary conditions are not respected.
The rights and obligations of the DVSK agents
are regulated in the sixth chapter of the Law of Veterinary activity, Rules of
Procedure of DVSK activity, Standardization law and
drawn up based on these regulations - rules of procedure, instructions, orders,
commands and directions.
Structure
of DVSK is as follows:
Financial-legal and economy
department.
1.Legal sector.
2.Financial-accounting
sector..
3.Information and
business.
Diagnostic-test laboratory
- managed by laboratory management doctor and head of quality control.
1.Control of raw
milk sector.
2.Microbiology
sector.
3.Physical-chemical
sector.
4.Trichineloscopy
and ascolization sector.
5.Bee products
sector.
Manufacturing enterprises
and meat factory antraposite refrigerator department.
1.Meatyield
sector.
2.Antraposite
refrigerator sector.
3.Meat processing
enterprises sector.
4.Milk processing
enterprises sector.
Fairs and auctions
department.
Markets and commercial
network department.
1.Commercial
network sector.
2.Markets
sector.
3.Certificates -
imports and exports sector.
Border inspection and veterinary control
and quarantine department - Sofia airport
In such structure DVSK forms a perfectly
functioning mechanism allowing for uncompromising performance of its duties.
Thanks to the work of DVSK agents to the markets are allowed only quality and
safe products for consumers and the non standard are scraped and destroyed.
In its daily control activity the inspectors
of DVSK use the following documents:
Veterinary certificate for
animals and animal products. This document contains information
on the following points:
1.Data for the owner of sender of animals or products.
2.Data for the attendant or the mediator.
3.Loading place.
4.Data for the animals or animal products.
5.Origin and mode of
transport.
6.Clinic condition
of the animals, quality and suitability of products.
7.Data for days of
observation of animals, conducted diagnostic, therapeutic and prophylactic
treatments.
8.Destination and
purpose of movement of the animals.
9.Place of landing.
10.Data of recipient.
The purpose of veterinary certificate is to
certify that the animals or products are previously reviewed by state
veterinarian, have been healthy and fit for moving to the destination, come
from a region free from contagious diseases for such species animals, from
which the food products originate. Certifies that the vehicle
is cleaned and disinfected. Under all this information are signed the
author and receipt state veterinarians.
Expert sheet. This document characterizes
quality and
suitability of foodstuffs and raw materials of animal origin. Contains information about the manufacturer, type of animals or
products, packaging, their type and number, quantity and quality.
Mention is the number and date of issue of statement by DVSK laboratory
and the products are allowed to be
sold, processed and exported abroad.
Certificate. This is a document which accompanies the
import, export and transit of animal products. During import, certificate
certify that the products are manufactured in approved by the state
enterprises, under continuous monitoring of DVSK and are fit for human
consumption. The document also must certify that these products are not
carriers of infectious agents for humans and animals, toxins, radiation,
antibiotics and other substances harmful to the consumer. Export certificate is
issued on the basis of examination of hygienic condition of the vehicle. Issued
only by state veterinarian and is valid until 10 days from the date of issue.
Sampling statement.
With this document the DVSK inspectors report sampling of animal products in
the controlled by them sites. It describes thy type of product or raw material,
the quantity of the sample, data to describe the lot and what to examine. Set
is laboratory in which the sample will be examined. The statement also contains
a flag that the samples have informational nature and therefore not forfeit the
lot.
Prescription. In the prescription DVSK agent describes found
deficiencies and shortcomings and on the basis Law of Veterinary Activities
(ZVMD) prescribes measures to be taken to rectify them, specifying the time and
deadline for their implementation.
Statement of violation found. Issued by
DVSK agents in found violations. In this document is mentioned data for
the offender, violation and issuer of the statement.
Interdiction statement. With this document is set
restriction on given food of animal origin. In the statement is described the
quantity and type of raw material or product and the reasons that require the
interdiction.
Order to stop operation of facility. In finding major
irregularities with this document inspectors from DVSK impose closure of a site.
Violations are described in statement of findings and the facility is closes
under Article. 59; paragraph 1; item 4 of ZVMD.
Order to resolve
operation of facility. With this document is ceased the action of Order to
stop operation of facility. Issued after made inspection of
the facility.
Statement for scrapping. With this document basis on ZVMD
food of animal origin are declared unfit for consumption and are scrapped.
Specified is their quantity and the reasons for the
taken decision. Mentioned is the facility in which the products are to be sent
for technical facilitation.
During the practice I visited the regulated
slaughterhouse located in Filipovzi neighborhood. Slaughterhouse is small in
size and consists of several sections:
1.Gate with
disinfection square.
2."Sales" department.
3.Shop.
4.Administration
building with laboratory.
5.Ramp for
adoption of pigs and ruminants with weight meter.
Upon receipt the animals by corridor system from
the receipt ramps go to the barred areas with sheds for preslaughter
preparation, where they are thermo metered. After them are located the boxes
for stunning, and closely are the premises for cooling of carcass halfs,
respectively quarters and refrigerators. Slaughterhouse also has isolation room
and carcass holding pit, which are remote from the enterprise. For regularly
slaughter enter animals with necessary documents with obligatory requirement to
be healthy. In the absence of documents animals are not accepted. The cases in
which the animals are not accepted for slaughter are:
1. Suffering of
suspected of suffering from anthrax, brad sot, black leg, malignant edema,
rabies, enterotoxemia, botulism, tularemia, epizootic lymphangitis.
2. Animals which are vaccinated against anthrax, rabies, black leg
until 14 days after vaccination and also serum producer animals.
3. Animals
until 14 days after bird, because their meat is with high water content, have jelly consistency and low nutritional value.
4. Animals treated with medications
before expiration of withdrawal period for the given medicinal preparation.
5. Animals in agony.
Slaughter runs on different technologies for
different categories of animals.
In large ruminants after thermometry the
animals are poured with lukewarm water, after that stunned with low voltage
electricity with voltage 80V and power 1A, and then bled by cut of the two
jugular veins. Carcasses are raised by electro-telpher, so head touches the ground.
Follows flay of the skin in the white line and medial parts of the limbs. Skin
is removed with the help of the electro-telpher under slight slope so the
carcass is not polluted. Then with razor chop the head is severed. It is hanged
on hook and accompanies each carcass. Follows removal of internal organs -
thoracic, abdominal and viscera, and are put so to know from which animal are
they. Finally the carcass is divided by the spine in two halves, then each half is cut to further two.
In small ruminants stunning is not applied.
Animals are raised with the head down, tied to one of pelvic limbs,
slaughtered, bled and flayed, so after flaying the skin to remain with the wool
inside. Head is separated from the carcass, removed are the thoracic and abdominal
organs and the carcass is subject to dry and wet wash. In small ruminants is
not necessary to know which head to which corpse belongs.
Pigs after stunning by weak electric current
with voltage 75-80V and power 1A, animals are hanged with one pelvic limb with
head down and slaughtered by knife for puncture of jugular area. In the
slaughterhouse the pigs are flayed. Made is scratch of skin in the area of the
medial part of the limbs and in the white line, then the carcasses are flayed
towards bottom-up. Follows removal of all internal organs, head sever and cut
of the carcass in the spine.
According to regulation documents every
carcass must be examined by DVSK agent immediately after slaughter. Examine
veterinarian is state officer, thus preventing abuses that would make if he
works in private company and is financially and administratively dependent on
the owners of the slaughterhouse, owners of the animals or third parties which
would have benefit from the disposal of not quality animal products. Slaughter
meat examination is made in rich light and consisted of the following parts:
1.Blood
examination - monitored is its
color, consistency and coagulation.
2.Head
examination - external view, in
ruminants obligatory are made sections of chewing muscles (musculus masseter
and musculi pterigoidales) and is reviewed for presence of cysticeral cysts.
Reviewed are the reachable lymph nodes in the head area -lymphonodus
retropharingicus medialis, lymphonodus retropharingicus lateralis, lymphonodus mandibularis and lymphonodus parotidicus.
3.Viscera examination
- reviewed are separately organs.
-Lung
is reviewed for changes, reviewed are also pulmonary lymph nodes.
-Liver
is cut by the protuberant part, across the biliary channels and seek for flukes.
-Heart
is cut in the myocardium and monitored for presence of cysticercs.
-Spleen
is monitored whether is increased with rounded or sharp edges.
-On the gullet and trachea was not given
attention.
4.Internal
abdomen organs and genitals examination - paid is attention to the mesenteric lymph nodes.
5.Exterior view of the
carcass, for presence of conglomerations and cicatrix in the area of body
cavities, which is sign of different inflammatory processes.
6.Carcass lymph nodes
examination - carefully done only in slighter of necessity.
7.In pigs
obligatory is made trichinosis examination with material taken from
crura diaphragmica.
As in most new slaughterhouses,
and that have no insulation slaughterhouse for suspected of suffering and
suffering animals. Their slaughter is made after the end of the regular
slaughter, and then thorough disinfection is done. Suffering animals are sent
for slaughter of necessity that even after the recovery will not fully recover
to be productive and economically beneficial, for example with traumatic
pericarditis. In insulation are also slaughtered animals from herds in which is
proven disease against which the treatment is radical, even if they appear to
be healthy - classical swine fever, tuberculosis, brucellosis, bluetongue. The animals are not subject to preslaughter
regime and they are proceeding directly to slaughter. In such slaughtered
animals always is taken material for bacteriological examination. Upon
detection of disease bearing imminent danger to the consumer, hygiene
assessment is strictly regulated. In slaughter of necessity all the lymph nodes
must be examined, and the meat is disposed in different ways, mandatory after
heat treatment.
The territory under control of Sofia
Inspection of DVSK has no functioning bird slaughterhouse and therefore we have
not visited such facility during the practice.
During the practice we visited the meat
processing enterprise of company "Solaris", located in Druzhba
neighborhood. The enterprise is built according to all the requirements of the
agents of DVSK and health authorities. The buildings are separated from the
vicinity by two meter fence of masonry and have 2 entrances - one for cars and
a second for people which are strictly guarded. Building itself consists of
several parts: Ramp - from where input raw materials are received for
processing, entrance - divided in two parts - for workers and for the
administration, departure - exit for the ready products. In adopting the meat
is measured by electronic weight meter and from the ramp by tube way it goes to
the refrigerator premises. During this time, responsible for the site DVSK
agent monitors the presence of seals located in the thigh and shoulder. The
main part of the enterprise is built on three levels:
1.Level
"Underground" - it has
two small dryers and air-conditioning system.
2.Level
"Work facilities" -
here are located refrigerators, which maintain a temperature of 0 to 1 degrees,
the so-called zero refrigerators, separate for pork and beef. On this level
there is also room for storing spices and freezers for storage of chilled meat
- also with separate facilities for pork and beef.
3.Level
"Administration, dress room and dining room".
In the enterprise are produced the following
articles: meat cuts and perishable and semi-perishable meat products. Depending
on for what article is intended the meat passes different way. In production of
meat cuts for sale, adopted half-carcasses, respectively quarters are cut, the meat is placed in metal barrows and goes for vacuum
packing. In production of nonstructural perishable sausages
"weenies", cut with certain size pieces of chilled meat is grounded
in Wolf machine - type Laska. The grounded meat is cut in cutting machine for 6
to 8 minutes. Follows supplement of fine ice, about 20-30%, to obtain pot with
which is filled the pot filling machine. The fill of the shells is under
pressure as on the tab of the pot filling machine are put cardboard tubes - the
so-called shpuri. The duration of the procedures and input raw materials vary
depending on the technology of produced sausages. After shells are filled,
follows tie and drain, order in special chassis and place in chamber where they
are boiled or glowed. Regulation of temperature inside the chamber is done with
special thermometer-needle, which is stick in random sausage and measures the
temperature in depth, while after the completion of the process the machine
files a signal. Cooling to room temperature takes place through shower system.
When producing boiled smoked meat products from uncut meat, preparations are
tumbled by tumbler. Packaging is done by machine "Multivak" - packages
under vacuum (helps preserve the products). From the packaging shed finished
products pass in the hall of departure - there they are weighted, placed in
crates and recorded. The documentation is stored in three separate folders and
is as follows:
1.Documents with
which the raw material arrives - veterinary certificates and Expert sheets.
2.Journals for
made laboratory analysis of finished goods in BDS and TC.
3.Documents issued
by the enterprise serving in the realization of the products in the commercial
network and facilities for catering - Expert sheet of origin, quality and
durability.
Documentation
is started by the duties state veterinary - DVSK agent.
We also visited diary enterprise
"Danon", built on the territory of former Sofia milk enterprise
"Serdika". Entrance in the enterprise is very strict. At the entrance
data from our identity cards was recorded and we were issued with personal
omissions and identification cards. For processing arrives milk from all parts
of the country, subject to stringent measures to prevent importation of
pathogens. Trucks on arrival pass through deep bathtubs with disinfectant
solution, and the tanks themselves are also bathed with disinfectant solution.
After this procedure samples from raw milk are taken from each tank and is
verified the accompanying documentation. Milk is pumped out of the tanks and
enters silos, where it is cooled. If the milk is going to be used after several
days, it passes pasteurization at a temperature of 72-74°C. Real pasteurization
takes place at 65°C, as then the milk through pumps goes back in silos and is
kept at 4°C. All processes are controlled by computer. Where
appropriate, cooled and pasteurized milk can be creamed out with separator.
In production of different type of yoghurt,
in silo for preparation is added sugar and milk powder (to increase the
percentage of proteins) of the company "Laktis". Yeast is added in
special containers. Preparations for various articles are received in
preparation silos, where they enter with certain indicators and are pasteurized
at 92°C for 7 minutes. After cooling to 45-47°C, in bathtubs by pipe ways where
the yeast is entered as well the mixture goes to the "HAMBA"
packaging machine for yoghurt. Here also is done the addition of fruit for
milks with additives or the flouring. Flavors are imports from Poland and the Czech Republic.
Ordered in crates and
pallets, sealed buckets with product stays up to 5 hours in termocameras at a
temperature 45°C, as continuously the pH of the product is monitored. When it reaches 4.5 pallets move to the refrigerator by belt way,
where they are kept at a temperature of 2-4°C.
After completion of work by setting a
computer program the entire conveyor line is washed with hot water, acid and
soda from washing facility. Used are also bactericide lamps for sterilization
of air.
In the laboratory is made 24 hour control of
milk, either raw or finished product. It has physical-chemical and
microbiological department.
In the physical-chemical department of the
laboratory with the help of apparatus "MilkoScan - FT - 120" are
reported proteins, dry substance, dry fatless balance, citric acid and fat of
milk. Milk fat is also determined by the Gerber method as required by DVSK.
Acidification is monitored by pH-meter. By fast and slow Delvo - X-Press Test
is determined the presence of inhibitors.
In the microbiology department are monitored
microbiological indicators of raw and dry milk, yeast and finished products, while
for each has a separate box.
The issue of expert sheet and placing the
product for consumption is after comparison of parallel examinations from the
laboratory of DVSK and Bulgarian-Japanese milk laboratory, located in the
building of Sofia Inspection of DVSK, which we also visited and performed a
series of examinations of milk. The results obtained from examinations
conducted in the Bulgarian-Japanese milk laboratory given in Annex 2.
The same day we also visited the enterprise
Darko-Serdica, in which is manufactured ice cream. In the enterprise, even
after its receipt the milk is subject to physical-chemical analysis in the
laboratory, where all the ingredients for the manufacture are examined. Main
indicators which are controlled are: fat, dry substance and acidity. Every
conducted analysis is recorded in laboratory diary.
Milk enters from the tanks in bathtubs for
raw milk, and then goes in pasteurizer for pasteurization. Follows
homogenization and cooling. In the next stage are added scents and
colors and depending of the type of assortment and mix goes in bathtubs for
maturation with at least 12 hour stay in them. Then the mixture is frozen in
various types of freezers, depending on whether it pertains to ice cream stick
or in ice cream box. If its ice cream stick used is ammonia freezer, from which
it enters shaping machine. Here is implemented the placement of the stick also
plunge in chocolate glaze. At the end of the process is machine packing. Ice
cream in box is freeze in Freon freezer.
In the
enterprise the documents used in the daily activities of DVSK agents are the
following:
1.Veterinarian
certificates for every material.
2.Expert sheets.
3.Veterinarian-health
approval for production.
4.Journals with
results by examination of finished product.
5.Health
conclusion about the suitability of additives from the Sofia Hygiene &
Epidemiology Inspectorate (HEI).
Practice in Markets and commercial network department
was held for one working week in sites located in the municipality of "Iskar". The sites on which
control is realized by DVSK agents are shops, fairs, auctions and mass
caterers. The main duties which the agents must fulfill are control of the implementation,
expiry date, method of storage of food products of animal origin, as well as
issuing documents authorizing the establishment and operation of facilities
that showcase such products. The documents are as follows:
Approval for use.
In this document is described the type of products, which are permitted to
offer in the facility.
Each functional site must have Journal, in which are noted checks of
the DVSK agents, if any irregularities are found prescription are issued.
Production in sites must be accompanied
depending of type with different documents certifying its origin and quality,
for example Expert sheet, Veterinarian certificate and other.
Where there is doubt about the quality and
suitability of products or are found inconsistencies are taken necessary
actions, and they are: Issue of prescription, sampling with sampling statement,
restriction of productions with Interdiction statement, finding a violation
with issuance of the relevant statement.
During our tours with the DVSK agent we found
various violations:
1. Sale of products
with passed expiration date - in such cases if there is doubt samples are taken
and after results from the laboratory
are issued take the necessary actions, or scrap the product if it is apparently
unfit.
2.Offer of products not
accompanied by the necessary documentation - on them is put interdiction
statement.
3.Incorrect storage of
production - it is described in the journal and prescription is written. .
4.Missing or deleted
expiry date on the packages of the commercial articles..
In addition to these violations occur also
other types of violations, mainly trade with nonstandartized food, poor hygiene
of refrigerators, storage of various food products from different categories of
animals in one place and other.
For several hours we also visited the Central
Laboratory of Veterinary Expertise and Ecology (CLVSEE). The laboratory carries
out preventive control of finished products and the technology of their
production. In the European Union is founded "Directorate General for
Agriculture". It carries out its control function through the application
of the following systems:
-
Codex Alimentarius, valid in UN as
well.
-
The "H.A.S.I.P." system -
Concept for dangerous factor in critical point of control. Committees on
quality control are composed of veterinarians and technologists. Samples,
accompanied by the Sampling statement are adopted in the reception department
and described in the diary. Analysis of samples run in
three stages:
1.Exctracion of
agent or analit.
2.Purification.
3.Determination.
In most cases, the examination is done with
particular company methodology, and in case of non-compliance are imposed heavy
penalties, even withdraw the accreditation of the laboratory. In the laboratory
examination is made of raw materials and products of plant and animal origin,
imported or for export veterinarian medicinal preparations, samples of the
environment and others. Here they are examined for: heavy metals, toxins,
radionucleotides, contaminants, pesticides and other. If in the examined
samples are found substances above the admissible standard limits according to
"Hygiene ordinance N:5" and "Food
law" is prohibit their use and seized or impose other sanctions under the
law. At NVS is created "National
monitoring programme for control of residues".
Veterinary Border Control and Quarantine
Inspectorate of Sofia airport have the task as a state authority to carry out
continuous control of import and export of live animals, products of animal
origin, fodders, fodder supplements and others. Imports are permitted only with
the authorization of NVS and veterinary certificate issued by the
exporting country. Certificates are unified under EU standards and are in
German and English. Without these documents imported objects can not leave the territory of Sofia airport. During import or
export fees are paid, regulated by Decree of Ministry of Agriculture Forests
and Agriculture Reform (MZGAR). The airport have specialized warehouse needed
for imports of food products of animal origin. When necessary confiscation or
destruction of products, it is done after issue of statement,
and the very destruction is made in fire garbage kiln. During import of animals
from abroad, they stay in quarantine premises for 30 days. During the period
the quarantined animals are under constant monitoring by a veterinarian, taken
is blood for serological examinations, and if necessary other manipulations.
Export is done only with presence of permission from NVS and certificate form N:7 for products and materials of animal origin and N:5 for
live animals. Certificates are issued by the district RVS. In transit is also
required relevant documentation. Prior to transport animals are placed in a
special mode of feeding and drinking in special rooms. Increased is the
quantity of water ration to increase the resistance. On the death of an animal
is issued autopsy statement, and it is gathered to rendering plant. Under
veterinarian control are also the aircraft and the on-board buffet where food
is prepared for passengers. Disinfection of aircrafts is done with Virvax 2%
solution with action duration 6 hours, or in completely closed aircraft - 30
minutes (preparation evaporates very quickly). Controlled are also other sites
like sweet shop, refrigerators, kitchens. Waste from
flights are pressed, decontaminated with chlorinated lime and transported to
the landfill.
In the penultimate day we visited the
antraposite refrigerator which functions as a commodity auction. Stock
exchanges are organized markets, at certain place in which conditions are
created for the conclusion of stock exchange transactions, while stock auctions
are places which provide merchant stores and refrigerators to other traders and
provide access for commercial customers and control authorities.
Auctions and exchanges as places on which are
offered products of animal origin are also under the control of DVSK and their
activity is regulated by the Law on the exchanges.
The main requirements are:
1.One way of
traffic.
2.Disinfection of
vehicles.
3.Smooth flooring
which is easily disinfected.
4.Presence of
sanitary facilities for public use with hot and cold water.
To offer on the exchange goods of animal
origin imported from abroad they need to be accompanied by a
Permission for import by NVS, application declaration,
Examination statement, including from the laboratory for heavy metals and
radioactivity and Expert sheet.
During our visit in the antraposite
refrigerator were storied food products mostly imports from various countries,
mainly sub products as well as raw materials for production of sausages.
Storied are also products from non animal origin - fruits, margarine, drinks,
but they are under the control of HEI. Basic requirement is that
they are not kept together with the foods of animal origin so they not give
their specific smell. Temperature in the enormous refrigerator halls is
monitored by electronic thermometers outside and it is not necessary to enter
inside and to open the doors to check. We spotted trucks of meat processing
enterprises from all over the country, came to buy the necessary materials for
production. The refrigerator is as interim depot of imported products before
they are taken from resellers and transported to different parts of the
country. Inside was ran tremendous commercial and advertising activity - there
were showcases for samples, prices of products, labels with their contents,
expiry date and date of manufacture. Obligatory is the good products to be
accompanied by documents - Expert sheet.
At the end of each working day, agents from
DVSK report in the central office, as describing in diary the number of checked
sites and quantities and range of products inspected. On the basis of these
reports are prepared quarterly reports on the activities of the agents.
Last day of practice in veterinary-sanitary
expertise of foodstuff of animal origin was held in the laboratory located in
the building of Sofia Inspection of DVSK.
The laboratory has two divisions - one for
milk and the second for foodstuffs of animal origin. The laboratory for milk
was established in 1997, jointly with the Japanese country and is equipped with
the most modern equipment produced in France, Belgium and Japan. The laboratory for
foodstuffs is divided into three divisions: microbiology, physical-chemical and
laboratory for examination of honey and apiculture products. It is equipment is
not such a level, but allows activities of the laboratory to be absolutely
accurate.
Bulgarian-Japanese laboratory for milk is
referent for Bulgaria and in it is carried out
examination of milk from all regions of the country, but mostly it works with
"Danon-Serdika". In it is exanimate also lactic acidic yeast from all
over the country. In receipt of samples for examination are accompanied by
Application by form and entered with number into diary. Anonymity of the
applicant of the samples is guaranteed and obligatory. The laboratory has two
departments - physical-chemical and microbiology, also have conference hall and
warehouse for storage of reagents with rack for toxic substances - as required.
All examinations are consistent with the standards and requirements of the EU -
work is by the system I.D.F.\ I.S.O.
In the physical-chemical unit is examined
samples with apparatus MilkoScan - 4000, which shows the following indicators:
dry fatless balance, somatic cells, bacteria, protein, fat, lactose
(Annex 2). Milk is examined for antibiotics with Beta Screen E.U. test, which
is used even in a wide range of pasteurized milk products and is with high
sensitivity. For example for Ampicillin it is 10 ppb or 4 MRL, and for
Penicillin - G is 1 ppb or 0,4 MRL (ppb used in case
of toxic dose - ng/ml, and MRL - maximum residue limit is maximal limit for
toxic levels). Other tests used in the laboratory are: Fluorophos test System
and Delvo test. The laboratory has also cryoscopy for determining the point of
freeze and Keldal apparatus to determine the proteins, ultrasonic homogenizator
and other appliances. Contaminated test tubes and sample bottles are washed in
special ultrasonic device.
Microbiological sector.
For microbiological examination milk samples are taken by the standard
procedure, accompanied by Sampling statement. The
examination is almost completely automated. Samples are thermometered in
automated thermostats with defined programme for the duration of action in
temperature regime for thermophils - 45°C and for psychrophiles - 5°C. Counting
of colonies is done by automated counter. The microbiological laboratory also
have dryer for swabs, sterile box for making crops and bactericide lamps.
Laboratory for examination of foodstuffs of
animal origin is separated from the laboratory for milk only by a small
corridor. It has three departments.
First department - Physical-chemical. In it are examined the
following indicators: acidity, in
Thorner degrees, water content, dry matter, content of NaCl, nitrates and
nitrites (for meat products), fat.
Made are also biochemical tests - determining pH and content of hydrogen
sulfide - for fish and fishery products.
Second department - Microbiology. Here are made the
following examinations:
- proof of
salmonella - in humans toxic infections - samples from commercial network.
- Development of microscopic
preparations and coloring them by Gram.
- crops for
proof of micro-organism species. Worked is with following food mediums: Endo
agar, Levine's agar for Salmonella and Coli, Brilliant Green-Phenol Red Agar
for Salmonella, beer agar for moulds and yeast and some specific mediums.
Third department -
Laboratory for expertise of honey and apiculture products. In the
laboratory is made:
- physical-chemical
analysis.
- determining the sustainability of
honey
- Examination for counterfeiting -
presence of glucose, cretaceous, sweeteners, gelatin and others.
The work of all departments of DVSK is
extremely heavy and responsible, since the least inadvertence may prove fatal
to the health of thousands of people, with subsequent criminal liability.
INFECTIOUS DISEASES
On the territory of Sofia are observed quite a
variety of infectious diseases. In the city are observed more often dog
diseases - parvovirosis, brucellosis, canine distemper, and in areas where
livestock is grown most frequent is observed pig erysipelas, pig oedema
disease, sheep enterotoxemia. Apiculture families are often affected by
American foulbrood.
To fight against infectious diseases
effectively, it is necessary to plan and carry out activities aimed at the
three driving forces of epizootic process - source of infection, routes of
distribution and susceptible animals. This includes various diagnostic,
therapeutic, prophylactic, zoo hygienic and animal police measures.
Prevention in the region takes place with
annual plans for prophylactic vaccination and diagnostic tests of animals. NVS develops and gives annual
plans for each area veterinarian, divided by quarters and months, and its
execution is watched.
Currently in the country by law are held mass
vaccinations, as some of them are financed from the state budget, and another
is paid by owners of the animals.
Under the current law immunoprophylactic
events and diagnostic tests funded by the state are:
Vaccinations:
1.Anthrax - cattle, horses and sheep.
2.Classical swine fever.
Field tests:
1.Tuberculosis in cattle.
2.Foulbrood diseases in bees.
Laboratory tests:
1.Brucellosis in cattle, sheep and pigs.
2.Leukosis in cattle.
3.Leptospirosis in cattle.
4.Contagious epididymitis in rams.
5.Glanders in horses.
6.Newcastle disease, cholera, typhus and tuberculosis
in poultry.
7.Rabies, echinococcosis and brucellosis in
dogs.
Obligatory events which are paid by the owner
of the animal are:
Vaccinations
1.Leptospirosis in cattle, pigs and
dogs.
2.Erysipelas in pigs.
3.Black leg in cattle.
4.Enterotoxemia in sheep.
5.Rhinopneumonitis and influenza in horses.
During the practice I participated in two
mass events - tuberculinization of cattle and vaccination of pigs against
classical swine fever held in the autumn in the Sofia Gorublyane neighborhood.
In the turbeculinization of cows we used the
purified protein derivate (PPD). After shear and measure of skin fold and
antisepsis with alcohol in the front third of the neck, carefully is applicated
intradermally 0.1 ml PPD, in which feels great resistance. After
application is watched whether skin tumor is formed, which is
indication that the derivate have entered correctly. After 72 hours we
read the results - no animals reacted positively. Tuberculinization was done on
all cows aged over 3 months, with the exception of pregnant in the last months
of pregnancy. When making tuberculinization is written report which contains
information on municipal, district, date, whose order, type, number and series
of tuberculin, maker of tuberculinization with name and signature. The report
have 15 columns, which are allocated as follows: Name of the owner; kind of animal; age; breed; distinguishing marks
(ear tag number); how many times in the
year is the animal examined; width of
skin fold before examination; width of skin fold after examination; difference
in width; result (positive (+), negative (-), suspicious) at 4th, 6th, 8th
and 10th hour; general assessment;
pathomorphological changes;
If during tuberculinization there is
suspicious result, differential tuberculinization is made with cattle and
poultry tuberculin on both sides of the neck.
For vaccination of classical swine fever in
pigs we used vaccinePestigen - C,
which contains live apathogenic virus of classical swine fever - Strain K.
After dissolution of the vaccine in physiological solution, ex tempore, it
should be used within 3 hours. The vaccine we applied muscular behind the neck
in a dose 2 ml. Pigs are vaccinated at 60-90th and 120th day. If the pig is
left for breeding it is vaccinated again after 2 years. In the vaccination of
pigs used the same needle for all pigs, which in my view was incorrect.
I also was present in vaccination against
Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease, which is not mandatory and is done at the request
of farmers, while they most often they buy the vaccine alone. The fact that the disease is highly contagious and with high
mortality forces farmers themselves to seek the veterinarian for immunization,
once they were affected.
Epizootic situation in Sofia is as follows:
Leucosis
in cattle - tend to increase the sick animals. From 5918 examined animals,
383, located in 24 villages have a positive diagnosis for this disease. The
fight is difficult, because there is no quittance for killing sick animals.
Classical
swine fever - not seen since 5 years. Last was found in the village of Chepintsi in 1997. Eliminated by
Stamping out - have been destroyed 12 pigs and carried out mass vaccination in
the region. The reason for the occurrence of the disease was not meeting the
obligations of the veterinarian who did not make any vaccination in the past 2
years. Now against CSF are made mandatory vaccinations, which are free, but
this does not mean that the disease is not widespread in abortive form.
Black
leg in cattle - the disease is stationary for the area of district
Kremitovtsi, where it is observed every year. For fight with the disease is
carried out mass vaccinations prior to taking out the animals to graze. This
event is often difficult because farmers pay the vaccine. Another problem is
that during appearance of sick animals, they are killed and the farmers are not
getting quittance. Reason for the spread is also considered the fact that often
the carcasses of dead animals are not buried, and there is no rendering plant
in the region where they are transported for disposal.
Brucellosis
in dogs - there is small drop in positive reacted animals. Annually are
destroyed around 1200 dogs.
Contagious epididymitis in rams. This year was seen in Vrana
and Bankya.
American
foulbrood in bees - announced in 1995 and the epizootologists still not cope the disease, but tends to decrease and this year there
were only 4 outbreaks. In the detection of infected hives are destroyed by
burning all hives in the yard, and farmers receive quittance.
Most of the clinical cases which I observed
during the practice in RVC - Vrabnitsa were on pets - dogs and cats. In rare
cases came livestock farmers who transported us to field for examination and
appropriate therapy. For immunization of dogs we used different vaccines
imports from well-known companies as follows:
By the Dutch company Intervet:
"Nobi-vac"
puppy DP - vaccinated are dogs between 42nd and 49th
day
age.
"Nobi-vac"
DHPPI - live, attenuated, lyophilizated vaccine. Applied on the 8the-9th week,
and revaccination is made on 12th week.
"Nobi-vac"
RL - killed, fluid vaccine. Applied usually as solvent of
"Nobi-vac" DHPPI.
"Nobi-vac-Rabies"
- killed, fluid vaccine making up to 3 years immunity. Applied
annually on dogs passed 3 months age.
By the American company Fort Dodge Animal
Health:
"Duramune"
DA2P+Pv - modificated, lyophilizated live vaccine.
"Duramune"
DA2LP+Pv - modificated, lyophilizated live vaccine,
different from the above by the solvent. In the solvent is added Leptospira Bacterin - against Leptospira canicola and Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae.
Most often we applied the following scheme:
First vaccination of puppy after passing of 42 days age with "Duramune" DA2P+Pv and 2 to 3 weeks
later revaccination with "Duramune" DA2LP+Pv. Follows vaccination of
dog annually with "Duramune"
DA2LP+Pv. Depending on the anamnesis if the dog is subject to risk of
rabdivurus infection, we imposed the owner to come separately for vaccination
against rabies. Used "Nobi-vac-Rabies". All the vaccines we kept in
refrigerator at temperature 4°C, and dissolved them before application (ex
tempore). Obligatory requirement which we carried out was detailed clinical
examination of the animal before application of vaccine to avoid the risk of immunization
of animals in incubation period of infectious disease.
For immunization of cats we had at disposal
only vaccine "Felovax - IV", given by the manufacturer as Feline
Rhinotracheitis, Calici-Panleucopenia-Chlamidia and Psittaci Vaccine.
Journal 1
For the disease condition of
dog, owned by Tsvetan Manolov from Sofia.
Anamnesis:
The dog often vomits gastric juice and saliva. Have diarrhea. Last day is fed
with cold weenies, and after some hours started to vomit. Diarrhea appeared in
the morning. Dog is not vaccinated, but did not suffer until now. Grown in flat
and since recently is taken out.
Current
condition: It is about dog 6 months old, breed poodle, with black fur color.
Average constitution, good feed, general bearing is depressed. Fur is without
shine, ruffled and goose bumped, clotted and smudged in the area of the anus.
Conjunctives are slightly reddish, without swell, fur and extrudes. Internal
body temperature is 40,9°C.
Cardio-vascular
system: Pulse - 108 beats per minute, frequent, weak, rhythmic.
Respiratory
system: Breathe - 26 breath movements per minute.
Digestive
system: During palpation in abdomen area has vomiting calls. Felt are increased
mesentery lymph nodes, around the anus is smudged with faeces containing bloody
drags.
Most
probably it's about parvovirosis but we did not have the opportunity to make
laboratory test for proof the presence of CPV-2 and the diagnosis can not
be set for sure.
Diagnosis: Gastroenteritis
obs. parvovirosis.
Treatment:
Glucosa 5% 250,0
ml intravenously.
Vitamin C 3,0
ml intravenously.
Vitamin B1 3,0 ml
intravenously.
Vetramycin 3,0 ml
subcutaneously.
Ultrasol 2,0 ml
subcutaneously.
Venous
infusions of 5% glucose solution continued for 5 days, the first 3 days 2 times
a day (morning and evening), and the last 2 days only once a day. Chemotherapy
continued also 5 day, till disappearance of symptoms. Bespoke
to the owner to leave the dog water at will, preferably rice, or tea by
chamomile, lime. If the animal does not drink alone, to infuse with
syringe 50-60 ml 5-6 times a day.
Following
held treatment the dog has recovered and regained its appetite. Internal body
temperature was 38,7. Diarrhea was not observed. Suggested to the owners to vaccinate the dog in the future.
Journal 2
For the disease condition of 4 pigs, owned by Ilian
Ivanov from Sofia,
Gorublyane neighborhood.
Anamnesis:
Farmer have pigsty with 8 pigs, but some of them recently have no appetite,
sway during movement, show concern and squeal with hoarse voice. Weaned before
11 days and are fed with concentrated fodder. It is not injected serum
preventively against oedema disease.
Current
condition: It is about 4 pigs, 62 days old, 3 male and 1 female, breed Great
White, good feed with strong constitution. Pigs are with unsure reel gait,
hardly stay up, can not squeal. Eyelids are swollen, conjunctives are reddish,
have clear serous extrudes by the medial eye edge, two of the pigs have swell
in the area of the gullet. Internal body temperature is in the normal range.
Pulse is slightly frequent, normal by strong and rhythm. Breathe is skin deep
by abdominal type, slightly frequent. Faeces are macerated.
Diagnosis: Oedema
disease.
Treatment:
Injection of Serum oedema disease - 40ml per pig. Magnesium sulfas 40,0, internally. Sulfaguanidinum 3,0
internally, morning and evening. Vitamin AD3Å 2 ml
intramuscular. Hungry diet of pigs for 24 hours, as then feed with
yoghurt and barley mash.
On
the next day one of the pigs was dead. In the made autopsy we found
subcutaneous swelling in the head area, diffuse reddish gastric mucosa and
thicken stomach wall. Mucosa of colon was swollen with jelly consistency.
Mesenteric lymph nodes were enlarged. Shell of internal organs had small
hemorrhage. The finding confirmed the diagnosis set on basis clinical signs.
We
continued treatment of the remaining 3 pigs to their full recovery.
Journal 3
For the disease condition of dog owned by Peter
Kirilov from Sofia.
Anamnesis:
The dog is restless. Skin around the clutches has fallen off,
owners presume it is by the walk of the dog on asphalt.
Current
condition: It is about dog 6 year’s old, male gender, Kershaw breed, with brown
fur color. Average constitution, with good feed and live
temperament. Fur is smooth, with brilliance. In the area of clutches are
seen small oval naked spots, covered with flakes and gray-white scabs. Around
the spots the skin deep looks like buffed. Skin elasticity is normal. Internal
body temperature - 38,7°C, Conjunctives - normal
color, without swell, fur and extrudes.
Cardio-vascular
system: Pulse - 92 beats per minute.
Respiratory, digestive, excretory and nervous system
- without specifics.
In
taken material from the affected skin areas, on the border between healthy and
damaged tissue, microscopic are seen spores of Microsporum canum. In the clinic
there was no mercury lamp with Wood filter to monitor fur under Wood light and
proof of the cause by the luminescent method, but the microscopic finding was
clear enough.
Diagnosis: Microsporia.
Treatment:
Spread affected areas with Zoomycol and Sporil, once a day for 5 days:
Rp.:
Zoomycol
Sporil
D. S. Externally, for spread.
Journal 4
For the disease condition of
cat, owned by Tzvetanka Vlahova from Sofia.
Anamnesis:
Cat is restless for 2 weeks, claws permanently in the in the head area, around
the ears, behind the neck, around the tail and abdomen, where the fur is fallen
off. Treated against scab with antiparasitic shampoo, but healing effect is not
achieved.
Current
condition: It is about cat, 4 years old, female gender, Saint Birman breed. Constitution - average, feed - good, temperament - sanguine.
Fur is with lost brilliance. In the area of the muzzle, around the eyes, around
the ears, behind the neck, around the tail and on the abdomen are seen naked
oval fields, which have in the center small crusts, skin is reddish, and hair
in the periphery are very short. Skin elasticity is normal. Internal body
temperature - 39,3°C, Conjunctives - normal color,
without swell, fur and extrudes.
Cardio-vascular
system: Pulse - 125 beats per minute.
Respiratory, digestive, excretory and nervous system
- without specifics.
In
the taken material from the changed skin areas on the border between healthy
and damaged tissue, microscopic are seen spores of fungus from genus
Trichophyton.
Diagnosis: Trychophytia
(Herpes tonsurans).
Treatment:
Because of the ample affect of the skin, therapy only with local unguents was
questionable, thus we went to active immunotherapy - vaccination with 2 doses
of the vaccine Trichopelen, in 14 days, with parallel treatment of affected
sections, separately in different days, with Zoomycol and Sporil (Treatment at
once of large areas have risk of intoxication). Vaccine is applied
intramuscular.
After
the second application of the vaccine the naked fields were significantly less
in area, and in some locations was seen growth of new fur. Itch was gone. Bespoke with the owners to smear the affected areas until complete
healing of the animal.
Journal 5
For the disease condition of
dog, owned by Vasil Delchev from Sofia.
Anamnesis:
The dog has no appetite, the nose constantly leaks snots, from time to time
vomits, eyes are teared. Not vaccinated until now. In
the neighborhood there are no other sick dogs.
Current
condition: It is about dog, male gender, 7 years old, doberman breed, with dark
brown and yellowish on the abdomen fur color. Constitution -
average, feed - bad, temperament - choleric, general bearing - compulsory.
Fur is without brilliance. Skin elasticity - reduced. Skin temperature is not
properly allocated - head is heater, and the limbs are cold. Internal body
temperature - 39,7°C. Conjunctives - dark red,
slightly swollen and furred, with serous extrudes (Conjunctivitis).
Cardio-vascular
system: Pulse - 131 beats per minute.
Respiratory
system: Breath movements - 35 per minute, skin deep, with broken rhythm.
Breathe is costal type.
Breathed
air has unpleasant smell. From the nasal opening leaks serous
pus exudates. During auscultation of lung is heart bronchial breath.
Digestive
system: Vomit and smudges from diarrhea faeces around the anus.
Excretory and genital system - without specifics.
Nervous
system: Dog is in rigid status, tremors like its cold, although the environment
temperature is around 27°C. Kyphosis.
Diagnosis: Canine
distemper.
Treatment:
Infusion of hyper immune serum against canine distemper (import from Russia), in 20 ml, 3 times at
intervals of two days, muscle. Treat with Vetramycin - 4,0
ml, subcutaneously, daily during the first week. Clean of the nasal cavity from
the exudates with cotton swab irrigated with ethyl alcohol - 70° and iodine.
Removal of eye exudes and drops in the eyes Septonex - eye drops, in 12 hours.
Fluid therapy with 500,0 ml Glucosa 5%, intravenously.
Vitamin C 4,0 ml, intravenously (in the system for
infusion). Owners to feed the dog with refection and vitaminised food, and
leave water at will, preferably rice, or chamomile, lime, hip tea.
After
held treatment the animal had significant improvements. Conjunctivitis had
disappeared, no nose leaks, internal body temperature decreased to 38,7°C, but the dog still had tremor. We informed the owners
that most probably the tremor will remain permanently, on which they remained
apparently dissatisfied and went out, telling us that they will seek another
more competent veterinarian, who will be able to heal the tremor.
Journal 6
For the disease condition of
dog, owned by Ivanka Todorova from Sofia.
Anamnesis:
Dogs is inadequate since several days, has decreased appetite, but increased
thirst.
Current
condition: It is about dog, male gender, 8 years old, German Shepherd
breed, with brown fur color and black back. Constitution - weak, feed - bad,
temperament - melancholic, general bearing - depressed. Fur is without
brilliance. Skin temperature is properly allocated. Skin elasticity - slightly
reduced. Internal body temperature - 39,4°C.
Conjunctives - reddish, with serous extrudes.
In
external review is seen highly enlarged scrotum bag. We suspected brucellosis,
that is why took 10 ml blood in flake, with filled in advance heparin. Sent the blood for examination to NNIDVMI with suspicion for
brucellosis. On the next day we received positive result for
brucellosis.
Diagnosis: Brucellosis.
Treatment:
The disease is dangerous also for humans. After we spoke to the owners about
the risk for them, needed castration and the expensive and insecure therapy,
the agreed the dog to be destroyed.
SURGERY, ORTHOPEDICS AND OPHTHALMOLOGY
Surgery diseases are common in the field, fact which
was confirmed during my graduate practice, where I observed many clinical cases
treated with surgical methods, on big as well as on small animals.
During first part of the practice, held in
RVC - Vrabnitsa, the main contingent patients were pets, dogs and cats.
Surgery
department is located at the second floor and consists of two working rooms for
aseptic and septic surgery and a separate room for X-Ray. In practice and in
the hall for septic surgery were made abdominal and other aseptic operations.
Worker in the department aimed to respect all the rules of aseptic and
antiseptic, as long as their options allow. In the rooms there were bactericide
lamps which were put on after end of the working day, until the morning.
Instrument was sterilized by high temperature - boiling, immediately before the
operation. There were no inhalation anesthesia apparatus, so we worked only
with venous anesthesia by various schemes. The main operations done by us were
castrations of male and female dogs and cats, ear cropping, puncture of urinary
bladder and others. Often were observed patients with fractures, wounds and
tumors.
Third part of the practice was held in the territory of Gorubliane neighborhood where were
present also livestock animals, mainly cattle and pigs. We did mainly
castrations and processes of wounds, pruning of hooves and treatment of ulcers
ungulates.
Main surgical interventions which we did were
the following:
Journal 1
For the disease condition of
dog, owned by Kalina Ilieva from Sofia.
Anamnesis:
Seven days ago the dog was bitten in the abdominal area, consequence of that
the guts dropped out. Veterinarians from the clinic repositioned the guts and
seamed the abdominal cavity. Feed is with chicken liver, but this morning it
had vomit exertions from which the stitches broke and the guts dropped out
again. Owner has suspicion about attempt of poisoning the animal.
Current
condition: It is about dog, male gender, at around 4 years, unspecified breed,
with light brown fur color. Constitution - weak, feed - bad, weight around 12
kilograms, temperament - can not be determined. Strongly
depressed general condition. Dropped guts are very red, with hyperemia
and heated.
Diagnosis: Prolapsus
intestinorum. Peritonitis.
Treatment:
Immediately applied fluid therapy - intravenous infusion of 400,0 ml 5% glucose solution, to prevent from hemorrhagic shock
and eventually death of the animal. Along applied anesthesia with Sodium
Thiopental 2,5% - around 6ml, intravenously (On
needle). Then we cleaned the guts with physiological solution and removed the
entered dirt - soil, stones, flies. On the wound ends
was formed huge amount of detritus mass, which we removed to healthy tissue,
which strongly reduced the volume of the abdominal cavity, after the closure.
After repeated clean of the guts with physiological solution, we went to the
reposition of the guts in the abdomen cavity. Following the
entire reposition of the guts, after small pressure neared the wound edges and
join together with two continuous knot stitches, and put drainage tube for the
peritoneum. Skin we stitched with horizontal U-shaped stitch and fixed
the tube to the skin with fixation stitch. Application in the peritoneal gap
content of two syringes of 10,0 ml with solution of
gentamycine. Applied antibiotics parenterally - 2,0 ml
Vetramycin, subcutaneosly.
Postoperative
period: daily foment of peritoneum with 20,0 ml
antibiotic solution, for treatment of the peritonitis. Vetramycin 1,5 ml, subcutaneously in duration of 6 day. Gran liquid food
- bouillons, brews.
After
one week the animal was in improved condition, but still could not move alone.
After a further 1 week the peritonitis was gone. Removed the drainage tube and
closed the abdominal cavity. After about 20 days of the operation the animal
was in good condition, feed alone, but it was obvious that it had severe
disease. Removed the threads in which in the wound was seen enormous unformed
cicatrix.
Journal 2
For made operation of dog,
owned by Ivan Zahariev from Sofia.
Anamnesis:
Owners grow the animal in flat and the frequent heats harass them and the
neighbors and they want it spayed.
Current
condition: It is about female dog, 7 years old, Great Dane breed, with light
yellow fur and black muzzle. Constitution - average, feed -
good, with weight about 50 kilograms, temperament - phlegmatic, normal general
bearing. Internal body temperature - 38,7°C.
Conjunctives - light red, without swell, fur and extrudes. Pulse - 66 beats per
minute, rhythmic, strong, full, hard. Breath movement
- 18 per minute.
Operation: Ovarihysteroectomia.
Anesthesia:
Atropini sulfas 1,2
ml, subcutaneously.
Rometar 3,0 ml,
intramuscular.
Kalipsol 4,2 ml,
intramuscular.
Course
of the operation: Prepared through shaving the area for median laparotomy.
Fixed the animal in back lie position with tensioned and fixed the limbs to the
operation table. Cleaned with soap and after drying us
antisepsis with iodine tincture. Made caudal median
laparoscopy of the animal which uncovered the genitourinary organs. Massaged the urinary bladder until emptying its contents.
After that with fingers is removed one of the uterus corns and by it going to
the mesovarium. Caudal to the blood vessels of the ovary is perforated with
haemostatic pincer and through it are set three pincers. Follows cut between
the first and the second pincer, and between the second and third pincers cut
after setting of ligature. After ensured that there are not hemorrhage, we made
the same intervention with the another uterus corn.
Finally we set ligature of the uterus body, slightly in front of cervix, and
removed the whole uterus body. At the end ligatured the main blood vessels of
the uterus - two uterine arteries and after we were ensured there is nowhere
hemorrhage, went to closure of the abdominal cavity. Closed
with interrupted stitches on the white line, then the subcutaneous connective
tissue with continuous intradermal stitch and at the end the skin with
interrupted horizontal U-shaped stitch. At the end we applied antiseptic
of the stitched wound - antisepsis with swab irrigated with ethyl alcohol -
70°.
Postoperative
period: Preventive treatment with Vetramycin 5,0 ml,
subcutaneously, for 3 days. Warned the owners that the animal
is prone to obesity and to not feed it heavy. After 12 day we removed
the threads, in which there were no complications and the wound was knit
together normally.
Journal 3
For the disease condition of dog owned by Rosen
Nikolov from Sofia.
Anamnesis:
Since about a year the dog regularly is with inflammated anal glands, often
were forced to squeeze them. In the last months started limp
and to whine when defecating. Treated with antibiotics and dexamethason,
but the effect have been short.
Current
condition: It is about dog, 5 years old, Siberian Husky
breed, with silver-grey and black fur color. Constitution -
average, feed - good, with weight about 25 kilograms, temperament - sanguine,
slightly depressed general bearing. Internal body temperature - 39,4°C. Conjunctives - pink, without swell, fur and extrudes.
Pulse - 97 beats per minute, rhythmic, strong, full, hard. Breath
movements - 24 per minute. Have stiff gait.
Diagnosis: Adenitis
circumanalis chronica.
Treatment:
Extirpatio sinuum paraanalium.
Bespoke
to the owners to leave the animal hungry on the next day, on which me did the
intervention. Before the operation we made enema and only after that went to
the real part of the treatment.
Anesthesia:
Atropini sulfas 0,8
ml subcutaneously.
Rometar 2,1 ml
intramuscular.
Kalipsol 3,2 ml
intramuscular.
Course
of the operation: Prepared the area after careful shave and fixated the patient
in abdominal lie position, cleaned with soap and dried with lignin. Antisepsis with Hibitan, and then again with iodine tincture.
Pressed out the glands and with the help of curve blunt needle filled them with
previously melted paraffin. After fixation of the paraffin, was made 2 cm
section in the most projected part of the right anal sac. Then
obtuse removal of the anal sphincter, after which the sac was uncovered for
approach. The sac was also removed obtuse and then ligature, possibly
most closely to the rectum, and the canal was cut. After we ensured there is no
hemorrhage, closed the wound with interrupted knotted stitches. Repeated the same intervention also with the left anal sac.
After both wounds were closed, antisepsis with cotton swab irrigated with ethyl
alcohol - 70°.
Postoperative
period: Preventive treatment with antibiotics - Vetramycin 2,5
ml, subcutaneously, for 3 days. In the last application, the animal had slight
healed condition, internal body temperature had decreased to 38,7°C, and the gait was almost completely normalized. After 10 days removed the threads. The animal was in good
healthy condition.
Journal 4
For made operation of dog,
Owned by Nikolay Todorov from Sofia.
Anamnesis:
The dog is aggressive, bites. Owners want it neutered and removed canine
teethes
Current
condition: It is about dog, age 2 years, pincher breed, with black fur color
and yellow spots on the abdomen and around the limbs. Constitution - average,
feed - good, with weight around 10 kilograms, temperament - choleric,
excitation general bearing. Internal body temperature - 38,8°C.
Conjunctives - normal color, without swell, fur and extrudes. Pulse - 112 beats
per minute, rhythmic. Respiratory movements - 24 for one
minute.
Operation: Castratio
(Orhiectomia). Extractio dentium caninorum.
Anesthesia:
Atropini sulfas 0,3
ml, subcutaneously.
Rometar 1,0 ml,
intramuscular.
Kalipsol 2,0 ml,
intramuscular.
Course
of operation: Shaved the hair around the scrotal sack and antisepsis the area
with iodine tincture. After grasp of the neck of the scrotum and stretch of the
skin of the testis, are made two parallel to raphe scroti sections. Follows exemption of tunica vaginalis from the surrounding loose
connective tissue, and fixation of spermatic cord with haemostatic pincer.
Set is stitched ligature and the vaginal projection is cut, along with the
included in it vessels, muscles and formations. Follows
fixation with hand and relaxation of the pincer. If there is no
hemorrhage after several second the spermatic cord is dropped back in the
abdominal cavity. With another testis is acted by analogical way. At the end in
every half we put norsulfazol dust and went to the removal of the teeth. First
we unlay the gingiva around the neck of the left canine tooth, then with
forceps shake the tooth till disappearance of any resistance in pulling and
finally removed it with ease. With the right canine tooth
acted by the same way. Tampon the alveolar gaps with cotton, till total
homeostasis.
Postoperative
period: Preventive treatment with Vetramycin 1,0
ml subcutaneously, for 2 days. Feed with soft food and bouillons.
Journal 5
For made operation of dog,
owned by Tzveta Apostolova from Sofia.
Anamnesis: The dog is boxer breed and the owners
want his ears cut.
Current
condition: It is about dog, male gender, 10 weeks old, boxer
breed. Constitution - average, feed - very good, with weight about 10
kilograms, temperament - choleric, normal general bearing. Internal body
temperature - 38,9°C. Conjunctives - ping, without
swell, fur and extrudes. Pulse - 92 beats per minute, rhythmic. Respiratory movements - 22 for one minute.
Operation: Abreviatio
auricularum.
Anesthesia:
Atropini sulfas 0,3
ml, subcutaneously.
Rometar 1,0 ml,
intramuscular.
Kalipsol 2,0 ml,
intramuscular.
Course
of operation: Fixated the animal in thoracal-abdominal position and wad the
external auditory canals of the eras with swabs. Antisepsis
of the operative area with iodine tincture. After that the ears neared
with their external surfaces and over the median line of the head. With slight
section of the skin at the front edge of the ear helixes was marked the height
of the cut (1/3rd of the ear helix). After that we set ear slip knots for boxer
and tightened them. With scalpel was cut the periphery part of the ear helix of
both ears. Then removal of the slip knots and cut of the formed apices with
scissors, then the skin edges were dragged out till cover of the cartilage and
close of the wound with continuous knotted stitch. Finally after we processed
the wounds with ethyl spiritus - 70°, bandaged the
ears with shared roller and tightened to close their apices.
Postoperative period: Removal of the threads after
10 days.
Journal 6
For the disease condition of cow owned by Tzvyatko
Iliev from Kokalyane village.
Anamnesis:
The animal limps with the rear left foot. Had yield of milk 30-32 liters, but
recently it decreased to 25 liters, even lower, although the quantity and
quality of the fodder were not lowered. The owner proposes that the animal had
cut on glass. In the same shed there are two more cows, but they don't limp and
are with normal yield of milk. Feeds them mostly with
concentrated fodder and straw. Rarely leads out them to graze.
Current
condition: It is about cow 4 years old, with estimated weight 600 kilograms, Holstein breed with milk purpose. Constitution - strong, feed - very good, temperament - sanguine,
general bearing - normal. Fur is goose bumped, without brilliance. Skin
elasticity - saved. Skin temperature - properly allocated. Conjunctives - dark
pink, without swell, fur and extrudes. Internal body temperature - 38,5°C. Pulse - 75 beats per minute. Respiratory
movements - 24 beats per minute, rhythmic. During walk of the animal is
seen average antalgic limp with the rear left limb - steps on the gear and does
not burden it fully. On the other limbs is seen excessive growth of the corn
capsule of the hoofs in the area of the gear (shed hoofs). In examination of
the affected limb we found darker area in the food at the external hoof, with
size of about 20 stotinki coin. When clipping the area with nippers, the animal
reacts painfully.
Diagnosis:
Pododermatitis solearis circumscripta
purulenta chronica membri pelvini sinister.
Treatment:
Fixated the cow in frame and raised the rear left limb. Applied
infiltration anesthesia in the area of the hoof with Lidocaine 1%. Then
with the help of curette knife removed the necrotic tissues in the ulcer, to
healthy tissue. Washed out the formed sequester with potassium permanganate 2%
solution and after drying filled it with norsulfazol dust. After that bandaged
the hoof with roller and smeared it with pine tar. Preventive trimmed the
healthy hoofs with pliers for hoof trimming. Injected Teranecron 10,0 ml, subcutaneously. Bespoke to the
owner to keep the cow in clean and dry premise, at peace. Preventive
suggested walking the other cows of which we also trimmed the hoofs. After 14
days removed the roller bandage and on the place of the ulcer was seen new
formed corn. The limping was gone.
OBSTETRICS, GYNAECOLOGY AND ANDROLOGY
Obstetrics-gynaecology
diseases are large problem for the present stock-breeding. Untimely
fertilization, repeats and sterility in the animal pulled through gynaecology
diseases bring large loses to the farmers. Especially well this is obvious in
the small family farms, with one-two cows, where untimely fertilization or
sterility of the animals, brings heavy financial loses for the farmers and
unreturned of the spent fund for fodder and consumable. Not smaller are the loses in the big farms, where is seen tendency for raise
of the sterility. On another side not rare are the cases in which luxury breed
female dogs are fertilized by random breed male dogs. The resulted reluctant
fetuses are unattractive for eventual buyers, and also not allowed to cynology
exhibitions, which urges the owners to go to veterinarian with request to
interrupt the pregnancy. Big problem are also the mastitis in milking animals,
which decrease the milk production and distant the large-scale buyers of milk.
In the big pig farms and sheep farms is applied synchronization of estrus for
bigger efficiency of the events on the reproduction of the animals. All exposed
facts impose especially good knowledge from the veterinarian of the sexual
cycle of the female animals, its regulation with the hormones of sexual sphere,
morphofunctional changes in the organism during the different physiological
statuses (pregnancy, lactation, dry period), anatomy
and physiology of female genital organs and obstetric-gynaecology diseases.
Need is also increase of the qualification of the growers of the animals, with
aim to reduce the sterility caused by genital-cyclic disorders (anoestrus,
anaphrodisia, quiet estrus) and organization mistakes. With the wide entrance
of the artificial insemination, the actuality of the diseases transmitted by
genital way (sexual infections) significantly decreased, and the male broods
become much more rarity. This however doesn't mean that there are no needs of
knowledge in the area of andrology, which are applied in the everyday practice,
in the increased role of the genetics and selection of animals.
During the first part of the practice, held
in RVC - Vrabnitsa, I observed mostly patients dogs and cats. In these animals
most often met diseases are pyometra, hard birth, tumors of milk gland and
uterus. Often come owners with desire for castration
of the animals, which saves them further problems in estrus and reluctant
pregnancy.
During the practice in the area of Gorubliane
neighborhood I had the opportunity to be introduced to the
obstetrics-gynaecology problems of the livestock animals. In the small farms
the animals are milked mostly with hands, but more increases the percentage of
machine milked cows. Owners respect all the rules of the asepsis and antisepsis
- use clean containers, and bound to wash and dry the udder before milking.
Cows are inseminated artificially, by technique inseminator. This significantly
reduces the risk of spreading diseases by genital way. Other advantage is also
the fact that with the artificial insemination is eased the selection of the
animals. The owners have the opportunity for big choice of breed and quality of
the brood, according to the wanted productivity, considered with the climatic
geography conditions and the possibility for normative feed. Avoided is near
family interbreeding, often observed with the presence of few male animals,
exploited for longer period, which is widespread practice in livestock farming
areas with small farms. In the livestock animals problematic are the held placenta
after birth, post birth bedridden, endometrites, persisting yellow body and
inflammation of milk gland.
Journal 1
For the obstetrics-gynaecology status of dog, owned
by Aneta Todorova from Sofia.
Anamnesis:
Before about two months the dog was driven away and ran from the owners for
about two days. Then they closed it till disappearance of the estrus. Three
weeks ago the dog started acting strangely. Since then have increased appetite
and is endearing even to strangers. The abdomen is enlarged, and the milk gland
is developed.
Current
condition: It is about female dog 7 years old, Doberman breed, weight around 30
kg, with dark brown fur color and yellow abdomen and limbs. Constitution
- strong, feed - very good, normal condition. Internal body temperature
- 38,7°C. Pulse - 85 beats per minute. During
inspection is seen enlarged abdomen. Milk glands are also enlarged and in
pressure from them leaks dense milk secretion. In palpation of the abdomen are
not felt fetuses. After made roentgenography, on the picture we did not see
fetus skeletons.
Diagnosis: Pseudograviditatis.
Treatment:
Covinan 8,0 ml, subcutaneously, for 4 days. Smear of
milk glands with iodine tincture, for three days. Limitation
of the food and water of the dog. At the last treatment the lactation
had stopped and the patient was visibly restored. Mother behavior was not seen.
Journal 2
For the obstetrics-gynaecology status of cat, owned
by Rayna Zhekova from Sofia.
Anamnesis:
Later evening the cat started to birth. Dropped two kittens and then continued
to have contractions, but till morning have not dropped any other kitten. Until
now the cat birthed two times, five and respectively six kittens and had no
difficulties.
Current
condition: It is about female cat 8 years old, with weight about 4 kilograms,
mixed breed. Constitution - average, feed - good.
Condition - relaxed, apathetic. Internal body temperature - 38,9°C. During palpation of the abdomen area are felt fetuses.
Diagnosis: Atonia
uteri. Retentio feti.
Treatment:
Injected oxytoci 6 UI intramuscular. A little while after that the uterine
contractions strengthened and with our help the cat dropped two dead fetuses.
We made roentgenography, to exclude presence of more fetuses in the uterus. On
the picture were not seen fetal skeletons. Applied general
strengthening therapy with 5% solution of glucose - 150 ml, subcutaneously, and
2 ml Vitamin C, subcutaneously.
Journal 3
For the obstetrics-gynaecology status of cow, owned
by Iliya Petkov from German village.
Anamnesis:
At the morning the owner found the cow given bird, but fallen and can not
succeed to raise it on foots. There were expulsions which he dumped, while
cleaning the compost. Cow is with high productivity and this is her fourth
calve.
Current
condition: It is about cow 7 years old with weight about 500 kilograms, Holstein breed with milk purpose. Constitution - strong, feed - very good. General bearing -
by force lie down position, with flexed under the body limbs and flabby on the
floor heard. Have tremor on the cervical musculature. Eyes are wide open,
pupils are dilatated, conjunctives are pale, with
slight icteric spice. Internal body temperature - 36,4°C.
Pulse - 36 beats per minute, weak, soft, thread-like. Respiratory
movements - 18 per minute. There is no rumination,
reflexes are slowed, no active movements.
Diagnosis: Coma
puerperalis.
Treatment:
The main in the therapy of the disease is restoration of the level of calcium
in the organism.
Ca
borogluconicum 20 % 100,0 ml (1 phial) intravenously.
Glucocofeini 25,0 ml
intravenously.
Glucosa
40% 400,0
ml intravenously.
Novacoc
forte 100,0
ml intravenously.
Vitamin
C 30,0 ml
intravenously.
After
about 30 minutes from the application of the officinal means, the cow started
to move, and slightly later stand upright on limbs. Continued
the treatment with the same medicines for two days more and the animal restored
fully.
Journal 4
For the obstetrics-gynaecology status of dog, owned
by Matrin Ivanov from Sofia.
Anamnesis:
The dog is for several days indisposed, do not feeds, vomits and have diarrhea.
From the vagina leaks brown liquid. Owners use Covinan
for suppression of estrus of the animal and till now is not fertilized.
Current
condition: It is about female dog, 7,5 years old,
Cocker Spaniel breed, with weight about 20 kilograms, with auburn fur color. Constitution - average, feed - good, depressed condition.
Internal body temperature - 39,9°C. Conjunctives -
reddish, without swell, fur and extrudes. Pulse - 115 beats per minute. During
inspection are seen leaks from the vagina with chocolate-brown color, sparse
consistency and unpleasant smell. During palpation of the abdomen are felt
swallowed, slightly fluctuating forms.
White
blood picture - Leukocytes - 12 mln./ml. We made
roentgenography for further specifying of the diagnose.
On the roentgen picture in lateral projection is seen intensive oval
homogeneous shadow in the caudo-ventral part of the abdominal cavity. In
dorso-vetral projection is seen shadow in the area of two corneas of the
uterus.
Diagnosis: Pyometra.
Treatment: Ovarihysteroectomia.
Anesthesia:
Atropini sulfas 0,6
ml, subcutaneously.
Rometar 1,5 ml,
intramuscular.
Kalipsol 2,0 ml,
intramuscular.
Course
of operation: After preparation of the field for median laparotomy, fixated the
animal in back lie position with stretched and fixated to the operation table
limbs. Then washed with soap and dried the field for operation approach.
Antisepsis with iodine and went to performance of caudal median laparotomy,
through sequential section of skin, under skin connective tissue, superficies
fascia and white line. After uncovering of the urine-genital organs for
approach, massaged the urinal bladder till emptying of its content. Witnessed
was strongly enlarged uterus. Excerpted first the left, then
the right corn of the uterus. Set haemostatic nipper in the area of the
cervix of uterus. Then was set ligature in front of left ovaries, embracing the
blood vessels, and then in frond of the right. Set is section between the
ovaries and the ligature, and bluntly removed the mesentery. Extracted the
uterus corns and put them between the rear limbs of the animal. After we
ensured there is no hemorrhages set two stitched ligatures in the area of the
cervix of the uterus, in front of the set nippers. Removed the nipper,
sectioned the uterus body and removed entirely the uterus. Stitched the free
part of the uterus with stitch of Plahotin-Sadovski and went to closure of the
abdominal cavity. Closed with interrupted stitches on the
white line, then subcutaneous connective tissue with continuous intradermal
stitch and at the end the skin with interrupted horizontal U-shaped stitch.
Finally applied antisepsis of the stitched wound - Smear with swab, soaked with
ethyl alcohol - 70°.
Postoperative
period: Injected Vetramycin 3,0 ml,
subcutaneously, for 5 days. After 12 days removed the
threads. Operation wound was knit together normally.